1#!../miniperl 2 3$ENV{LC_ALL} = 'C'; 4 5open (OUT, ">perlmodlib.pod") or die $!; 6my (@pragma, @mod, @MANIFEST); 7 8open (MANIFEST, "../MANIFEST") or die $!; 9@MANIFEST = grep !m</(?:t|demo)/>, <MANIFEST>; 10push @MANIFEST, 'lib/Config.pod', 'lib/Errno.pm', 'lib/lib.pm', 11 'lib/DynaLoader.pm', 'lib/XSLoader.pm'; 12 13for (@MANIFEST) { 14 my $filename; 15 next unless s|^lib/|| or m|^ext/|; 16 my ($origfilename) = ($filename) = m|^(\S+)|; 17 $filename =~ s|^[^/]+/|| if $filename =~ s|^ext/||; 18 next unless $filename =~ m!\.p(m|od)$!; 19 unless (open (MOD, "../lib/$filename")) { 20 unless (open (MOD, "../$origfilename")) { 21 warn "Couldn't open ../$origfilename: $!"; 22 next; 23 } 24 $filename = $origfilename; 25 } 26 27 28 my ($name, $thing); 29 my $foundit=0; 30 { 31 local $/=""; 32 while (<MOD>) { 33 next unless /^=head1 NAME/; 34 $foundit++; 35 last; 36 } 37 } 38 unless ($foundit) { 39 warn "$filename missing =head1 NAME (okay if there is respective .pod)\n"; 40 next; 41 } 42 my $title = <MOD>; 43 chomp($title); 44 close MOD; 45 46 my $perlname = $filename; 47 $perlname =~ s!^.*\b(ext|lib)/!!; 48 $perlname =~ s!\.p(m|od)$!!; 49 $perlname =~ s!\b(\w+)/\1\b!$1!; 50 $perlname =~ s!/!::!g; 51 52 ($name, $thing) = split / --? /, $title, 2; 53 54 unless ($name and $thing) { 55 warn "$filename missing name\n" unless $name; 56 warn "$filename missing thing\n" unless $thing; 57 next; 58 } 59 60 61 $thing =~ s/^perl pragma to //i; 62 $thing = ucfirst($thing); 63 $title = "=item $perlname\n\n$thing\n\n"; 64 65 if ($filename =~ /[A-Z]/) { 66 push @mod, $title; 67 } else { 68 push @pragma, $title; 69 } 70} 71 72print OUT <<'EOF'; 73=for maintainers 74Generated by perlmodlib.PL -- DO NOT EDIT! 75 76=head1 NAME 77 78perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones 79 80=head1 THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY 81 82Many modules are included in the Perl distribution. These are described 83below, and all end in F<.pm>. You may discover compiled library 84files (usually ending in F<.so>) or small pieces of modules to be 85autoloaded (ending in F<.al>); these were automatically generated 86by the installation process. You may also discover files in the 87library directory that end in either F<.pl> or F<.ph>. These are 88old libraries supplied so that old programs that use them still 89run. The F<.pl> files will all eventually be converted into standard 90modules, and the F<.ph> files made by B<h2ph> will probably end up 91as extension modules made by B<h2xs>. (Some F<.ph> values may 92already be available through the POSIX, Errno, or Fcntl modules.) 93The B<pl2pm> file in the distribution may help in your conversion, 94but it's just a mechanical process and therefore far from bulletproof. 95 96=head2 Pragmatic Modules 97 98They work somewhat like compiler directives (pragmata) in that they 99tend to affect the compilation of your program, and thus will usually 100work well only when used within a C<use>, or C<no>. Most of these 101are lexically scoped, so an inner BLOCK may countermand them 102by saying: 103 104 no integer; 105 no strict 'refs'; 106 no warnings; 107 108which lasts until the end of that BLOCK. 109 110Some pragmas are lexically scoped--typically those that affect the 111C<$^H> hints variable. Others affect the current package instead, 112like C<use vars> and C<use subs>, which allow you to predeclare a 113variables or subroutines within a particular I<file> rather than 114just a block. Such declarations are effective for the entire file 115for which they were declared. You cannot rescind them with C<no 116vars> or C<no subs>. 117 118The following pragmas are defined (and have their own documentation). 119 120=over 12 121 122EOF 123 124print OUT $_ for (sort @pragma); 125 126print OUT <<EOF; 127=back 128 129=head2 Standard Modules 130 131Standard, bundled modules are all expected to behave in a well-defined 132manner with respect to namespace pollution because they use the 133Exporter module. See their own documentation for details. 134 135It's possible that not all modules listed below are installed on your 136system. For example, the GDBM_File module will not be installed if you 137don't have the gdbm library. 138 139=over 12 140 141EOF 142 143print OUT $_ for (sort @mod); 144 145print OUT <<'EOF'; 146=back 147 148To find out I<all> modules installed on your system, including 149those without documentation or outside the standard release, 150just use the following command (under the default win32 shell, 151double quotes should be used instead of single quotes). 152 153 % perl -MFile::Find=find -MFile::Spec::Functions -Tlwe \ 154 'find { wanted => sub { print canonpath $_ if /\.pm\z/ }, 155 no_chdir => 1 }, @INC' 156 157(The -T is here to prevent '.' from being listed in @INC.) 158They should all have their own documentation installed and accessible 159via your system man(1) command. If you do not have a B<find> 160program, you can use the Perl B<find2perl> program instead, which 161generates Perl code as output you can run through perl. If you 162have a B<man> program but it doesn't find your modules, you'll have 163to fix your manpath. See L<perl> for details. If you have no 164system B<man> command, you might try the B<perldoc> program. 165 166Note also that the command C<perldoc perllocal> gives you a (possibly 167incomplete) list of the modules that have been further installed on 168your system. (The perllocal.pod file is updated by the standard MakeMaker 169install process.) 170 171=head2 Extension Modules 172 173Extension modules are written in C (or a mix of Perl and C). They 174are usually dynamically loaded into Perl if and when you need them, 175but may also be linked in statically. Supported extension modules 176include Socket, Fcntl, and POSIX. 177 178Many popular C extension modules do not come bundled (at least, not 179completely) due to their sizes, volatility, or simply lack of time 180for adequate testing and configuration across the multitude of 181platforms on which Perl was beta-tested. You are encouraged to 182look for them on CPAN (described below), or using web search engines 183like Alta Vista or Google. 184 185=head1 CPAN 186 187CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network; it's a globally 188replicated trove of Perl materials, including documentation, style 189guides, tricks and traps, alternate ports to non-Unix systems and 190occasional binary distributions for these. Search engines for 191CPAN can be found at http://www.cpan.org/ 192 193Most importantly, CPAN includes around a thousand unbundled modules, 194some of which require a C compiler to build. Major categories of 195modules are: 196 197=over 198 199=item * 200 201Language Extensions and Documentation Tools 202 203=item * 204 205Development Support 206 207=item * 208 209Operating System Interfaces 210 211=item * 212 213Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess Communication 214 215=item * 216 217Data Types and Data Type Utilities 218 219=item * 220 221Database Interfaces 222 223=item * 224 225User Interfaces 226 227=item * 228 229Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages 230 231=item * 232 233File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles) 234 235=item * 236 237String Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching 238 239=item * 240 241Option, Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing 242 243=item * 244 245Internationalization and Locale 246 247=item * 248 249Authentication, Security, and Encryption 250 251=item * 252 253World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME 254 255=item * 256 257Server and Daemon Utilities 258 259=item * 260 261Archiving and Compression 262 263=item * 264 265Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing, and Graphing 266 267=item * 268 269Mail and Usenet News 270 271=item * 272 273Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and exceptions etc) 274 275=item * 276 277File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities 278 279=item * 280 281Miscellaneous Modules 282 283=back 284 285The list of the registered CPAN sites as of this writing follows. 286Please note that the sorting order is alphabetical on fields: 287 288Continent 289 | 290 |-->Country 291 | 292 |-->[state/province] 293 | 294 |-->ftp 295 | 296 |-->[http] 297 298and thus the North American servers happen to be listed between the 299European and the South American sites. 300 301You should try to choose one close to you. 302 303=head2 Africa 304 305=over 4 306 307=item South Africa 308 309 http://ftp.rucus.ru.ac.za/pub/perl/CPAN/ 310 ftp://ftp.rucus.ru.ac.za/pub/perl/CPAN/ 311 ftp://ftp.is.co.za/programming/perl/CPAN/ 312 ftp://ftp.saix.net/pub/CPAN/ 313 ftp://ftp.sun.ac.za/CPAN/CPAN/ 314 315=back 316 317=head2 Asia 318 319=over 4 320 321=item China 322 323 http://cpan.linuxforum.net/ 324 http://cpan.shellhung.org/ 325 ftp://ftp.shellhung.org/pub/CPAN 326 ftp://mirrors.hknet.com/CPAN 327 328=item Indonesia 329 330 http://mirrors.tf.itb.ac.id/cpan/ 331 http://cpan.cbn.net.id/ 332 ftp://ftp.cbn.net.id/mirror/CPAN 333 334=item Israel 335 336 ftp://ftp.iglu.org.il/pub/CPAN/ 337 http://cpan.lerner.co.il/ 338 http://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/ 339 ftp://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/ 340 341=item Japan 342 343 ftp://ftp.u-aizu.ac.jp/pub/CPAN 344 ftp://ftp.kddlabs.co.jp/CPAN/ 345 ftp://ftp.ayamura.org/pub/CPAN/ 346 ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ 347 http://ftp.cpan.jp/ 348 ftp://ftp.cpan.jp/CPAN/ 349 ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/lang/CPAN/ 350 ftp://ftp.ring.gr.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ 351 352=item Malaysia 353 354 http://cpan.MyBSD.org.my 355 http://mirror.leafbug.org/pub/CPAN 356 http://ossig.mncc.com.my/mirror/pub/CPAN 357 358=item Russian Federation 359 360 http://cpan.tomsk.ru 361 ftp://cpan.tomsk.ru/ 362 363=item Saudi Arabia 364 365 ftp://ftp.isu.net.sa/pub/CPAN/ 366 367=item Singapore 368 369 http://CPAN.en.com.sg/ 370 ftp://cpan.en.com.sg/ 371 http://mirror.averse.net/pub/CPAN 372 ftp://mirror.averse.net/pub/CPAN 373 http://cpan.oss.eznetsols.org 374 ftp://ftp.oss.eznetsols.org/cpan 375 376=item South Korea 377 378 http://CPAN.bora.net/ 379 ftp://ftp.bora.net/pub/CPAN/ 380 http://mirror.kr.FreeBSD.org/CPAN 381 ftp://ftp.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/CPAN 382 383=item Taiwan 384 385 ftp://ftp.nctu.edu.tw/UNIX/perl/CPAN 386 http://cpan.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ 387 ftp://cpan.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN 388 http://ftp.isu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN 389 ftp://ftp.isu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN 390 ftp://ftp1.sinica.edu.tw/pub1/perl/CPAN/ 391 http://ftp.tku.edu.tw/pub/CPAN/ 392 ftp://ftp.tku.edu.tw/pub/CPAN/ 393 394=item Thailand 395 396 ftp://ftp.loxinfo.co.th/pub/cpan/ 397 ftp://ftp.cs.riubon.ac.th/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ 398 399=back 400 401=head2 Central America 402 403=over 4 404 405=item Costa Rica 406 407 http://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/Unix/CPAN/ 408 ftp://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/pub/Unix/CPAN/ 409 410=back 411 412=head2 Europe 413 414=over 4 415 416=item Austria 417 418 http://cpan.inode.at/ 419 ftp://cpan.inode.at 420 ftp://ftp.tuwien.ac.at/pub/CPAN/ 421 422=item Belgium 423 424 http://ftp.easynet.be/pub/CPAN/ 425 ftp://ftp.easynet.be/pub/CPAN/ 426 http://cpan.skynet.be 427 ftp://ftp.cpan.skynet.be/pub/CPAN 428 ftp://ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/mirror/CPAN/ 429 430=item Bosnia and Herzegovina 431 432 http://cpan.blic.net/ 433 434=item Bulgaria 435 436 http://cpan.online.bg 437 ftp://cpan.online.bg/cpan 438 http://cpan.zadnik.org 439 ftp://ftp.zadnik.org/mirrors/CPAN/ 440 http://cpan.lirex.net/ 441 ftp://ftp.lirex.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN 442 443=item Croatia 444 445 http://ftp.linux.hr/pub/CPAN/ 446 ftp://ftp.linux.hr/pub/CPAN/ 447 448=item Czech Republic 449 450 ftp://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/CPAN/ 451 ftp://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/MIRRORS/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ 452 453=item Denmark 454 455 http://mirrors.sunsite.dk/cpan/ 456 ftp://sunsite.dk/mirrors/cpan/ 457 http://cpan.cybercity.dk 458 http://www.cpan.dk/CPAN/ 459 ftp://www.cpan.dk/ftp.cpan.org/CPAN/ 460 461=item Estonia 462 463 ftp://ftp.ut.ee/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ 464 465=item Finland 466 467 ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ 468 http://mirror.eunet.fi/CPAN 469 470=item France 471 472 http://www.enstimac.fr/Perl/CPAN 473 http://ftp.u-paris10.fr/perl/CPAN 474 ftp://ftp.u-paris10.fr/perl/CPAN 475 http://cpan.mirrors.easynet.fr/ 476 ftp://cpan.mirrors.easynet.fr/pub/ftp.cpan.org/ 477 ftp://ftp.club-internet.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ 478 http://fr.cpan.org/ 479 ftp://ftp.lip6.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ 480 ftp://ftp.oleane.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ 481 ftp://ftp.pasteur.fr/pub/computing/CPAN/ 482 http://mir2.ovh.net/ftp.cpan.org 483 ftp://mir1.ovh.net/ftp.cpan.org 484 http://ftp.crihan.fr/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/ 485 ftp://ftp.crihan.fr/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/ 486 http://ftp.u-strasbg.fr/CPAN 487 ftp://ftp.u-strasbg.fr/CPAN 488 ftp://cpan.cict.fr/pub/CPAN/ 489 ftp://ftp.uvsq.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ 490 491=item Germany 492 493 ftp://ftp.rub.de/pub/CPAN/ 494 ftp://ftp.freenet.de/pub/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/ 495 ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/source/CPAN/ 496 ftp://ftp-stud.fht-esslingen.de/pub/Mirrors/CPAN 497 http://pandemonium.tiscali.de/pub/CPAN/ 498 ftp://pandemonium.tiscali.de/pub/CPAN/ 499 http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ 500 ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ 501 ftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de/pub/soft/lang/perl/CPAN/ 502 ftp://ftp.leo.org/pub/CPAN/ 503 http://cpan.noris.de/ 504 ftp://cpan.noris.de/pub/CPAN/ 505 ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/perl/CPAN/ 506 ftp://ftp.gmd.de/mirrors/CPAN/ 507 508=item Greece 509 510 ftp://ftp.acn.gr/pub/lang/perl 511 ftp://ftp.forthnet.gr/pub/languages/perl/CPAN 512 ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/lang/perl/ 513 514=item Hungary 515 516 http://ftp.kfki.hu/packages/perl/CPAN/ 517 ftp://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/ 518 519=item Iceland 520 521 http://ftp.rhnet.is/pub/CPAN/ 522 ftp://ftp.rhnet.is/pub/CPAN/ 523 524=item Ireland 525 526 http://cpan.indigo.ie/ 527 ftp://cpan.indigo.ie/pub/CPAN/ 528 http://ftp.heanet.ie/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN 529 ftp://ftp.heanet.ie/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN 530 http://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/ 531 ftp://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/ 532 533=item Italy 534 535 http://cpan.nettuno.it/ 536 http://gusp.dyndns.org/CPAN/ 537 ftp://gusp.dyndns.org/pub/CPAN 538 http://softcity.iol.it/cpan 539 ftp://softcity.iol.it/pub/cpan 540 ftp://ftp.unina.it/pub/Other/CPAN/CPAN/ 541 ftp://ftp.unipi.it/pub/mirror/perl/CPAN/ 542 ftp://cis.uniRoma2.it/CPAN/ 543 ftp://ftp.edisontel.it/pub/CPAN_Mirror/ 544 http://cpan.flashnet.it/ 545 ftp://ftp.flashnet.it/pub/CPAN/ 546 547=item Latvia 548 549 http://kvin.lv/pub/CPAN/ 550 551=item Lithuania 552 553 ftp://ftp.unix.lt/pub/CPAN/ 554 555=item Netherlands 556 557 ftp://download.xs4all.nl/pub/mirror/CPAN/ 558 ftp://ftp.nl.uu.net/pub/CPAN/ 559 ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ 560 http://cpan.cybercomm.nl/ 561 ftp://mirror.cybercomm.nl/pub/CPAN 562 ftp://mirror.vuurwerk.nl/pub/CPAN/ 563 ftp://ftp.cpan.nl/pub/CPAN/ 564 http://ftp.easynet.nl/mirror/CPAN 565 ftp://ftp.easynet.nl/mirror/CPAN 566 http://archive.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/ 567 ftp://ftp.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/ 568 569=item Norway 570 571 ftp://ftp.uninett.no/pub/languages/perl/CPAN 572 ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/languages/perl/cpan/ 573 574=item Poland 575 576 ftp://ftp.mega.net.pl/CPAN 577 ftp://ftp.man.torun.pl/pub/doc/CPAN/ 578 ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/CPAN/ 579 580=item Portugal 581 582 ftp://ftp.ua.pt/pub/CPAN/ 583 ftp://perl.di.uminho.pt/pub/CPAN/ 584 http://cpan.dei.uc.pt/ 585 ftp://ftp.dei.uc.pt/pub/CPAN 586 ftp://ftp.nfsi.pt/pub/CPAN 587 http://ftp.linux.pt/pub/mirrors/CPAN 588 ftp://ftp.linux.pt/pub/mirrors/CPAN 589 http://cpan.ip.pt/ 590 ftp://cpan.ip.pt/pub/cpan/ 591 http://cpan.telepac.pt/ 592 ftp://ftp.telepac.pt/pub/cpan/ 593 594=item Romania 595 596 ftp://ftp.bio-net.ro/pub/CPAN 597 ftp://ftp.kappa.ro/pub/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN/ 598 ftp://ftp.lug.ro/CPAN 599 ftp://ftp.roedu.net/pub/CPAN/ 600 ftp://ftp.dntis.ro/pub/cpan/ 601 ftp://ftp.iasi.roedu.net/pub/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/ 602 http://cpan.ambra.ro/ 603 ftp://ftp.ambra.ro/pub/CPAN 604 ftp://ftp.dnttm.ro/pub/CPAN/ 605 ftp://ftp.lasting.ro/pub/CPAN 606 ftp://ftp.timisoara.roedu.net/mirrors/CPAN/ 607 608=item Russia 609 610 ftp://ftp.chg.ru/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ 611 http://cpan.rinet.ru/ 612 ftp://cpan.rinet.ru/pub/mirror/CPAN/ 613 ftp://ftp.aha.ru/pub/CPAN/ 614 ftp://ftp.corbina.ru/pub/CPAN/ 615 http://cpan.sai.msu.ru/ 616 ftp://ftp.sai.msu.su/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ 617 618=item Slovakia 619 620 ftp://ftp.cvt.stuba.sk/pub/CPAN/ 621 622=item Slovenia 623 624 ftp://ftp.arnes.si/software/perl/CPAN/ 625 626=item Spain 627 628 http://cpan.imasd.elmundo.es/ 629 ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/CPAN/ 630 ftp://ftp.ri.telefonica-data.net/CPAN 631 ftp://ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/perl/ 632 633=item Sweden 634 635 http://ftp.du.se/CPAN/ 636 ftp://ftp.du.se/pub/CPAN/ 637 http://mirror.dataphone.se/CPAN 638 ftp://mirror.dataphone.se/pub/CPAN 639 ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ 640 641=item Switzerland 642 643 http://cpan.mirror.solnet.ch/ 644 ftp://ftp.solnet.ch/mirror/CPAN/ 645 ftp://ftp.danyk.ch/CPAN/ 646 ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/CPAN/ 647 648=item Turkey 649 650 http://ftp.ulak.net.tr/perl/CPAN/ 651 ftp://ftp.ulak.net.tr/perl/CPAN 652 ftp://sunsite.bilkent.edu.tr/pub/languages/CPAN/ 653 654=item Ukraine 655 656 http://cpan.org.ua/ 657 ftp://cpan.org.ua/ 658 ftp://ftp.perl.org.ua/pub/CPAN/ 659 http://no-more.kiev.ua/CPAN/ 660 ftp://no-more.kiev.ua/pub/CPAN/ 661 662=item United Kingdom 663 664 http://www.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN 665 ftp://ftp.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ 666 http://cpan.teleglobe.net/ 667 ftp://cpan.teleglobe.net/pub/CPAN 668 http://cpan.mirror.anlx.net/ 669 ftp://ftp.mirror.anlx.net/CPAN/ 670 http://cpan.etla.org/ 671 ftp://cpan.etla.org/pub/CPAN 672 ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/CPAN/ 673 http://cpan.m.flirble.org/ 674 ftp://ftp.flirble.org/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ 675 ftp://ftp.plig.org/pub/CPAN/ 676 http://cpan.hambule.co.uk/ 677 http://cpan.mirrors.clockerz.net/ 678 ftp://ftp.clockerz.net/pub/CPAN/ 679 ftp://usit.shef.ac.uk/pub/packages/CPAN/ 680 681=back 682 683=head2 North America 684 685=over 4 686 687=item Canada 688 689=over 8 690 691=item Alberta 692 693 http://cpan.sunsite.ualberta.ca/ 694 ftp://cpan.sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/CPAN/ 695 696=item Manitoba 697 698 http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/ 699 ftp://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/ 700 701=item Nova Scotia 702 703 ftp://cpan.chebucto.ns.ca/pub/CPAN/ 704 705=item Ontario 706 707 ftp://ftp.nrc.ca/pub/CPAN/ 708 709=back 710 711=item Mexico 712 713 http://cpan.azc.uam.mx 714 ftp://cpan.azc.uam.mx/mirrors/CPAN 715 http://www.cpan.unam.mx/ 716 ftp://ftp.unam.mx/pub/CPAN 717 http://www.msg.com.mx/CPAN/ 718 ftp://ftp.msg.com.mx/pub/CPAN/ 719 720=item United States 721 722=over 8 723 724=item Alabama 725 726 http://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/ 727 ftp://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/ 728 729=item California 730 731 http://cpan.develooper.com/ 732 http://www.cpan.org/ 733 ftp://cpan.valueclick.com/pub/CPAN/ 734 http://www.mednor.net/ftp/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ 735 ftp://ftp.mednor.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ 736 http://mirrors.gossamer-threads.com/CPAN 737 ftp://cpan.nas.nasa.gov/pub/perl/CPAN/ 738 http://mirrors.kernel.org/cpan/ 739 ftp://mirrors.kernel.org/pub/CPAN 740 http://cpan-sj.viaverio.com/ 741 ftp://cpan-sj.viaverio.com/pub/CPAN/ 742 http://cpan.digisle.net/ 743 ftp://cpan.digisle.net/pub/CPAN 744 http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ 745 http://www.uberlan.net/CPAN 746 747=item Colorado 748 749 ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ 750 http://cpan.four10.com 751 752=item Delaware 753 754 http://ftp.lug.udel.edu/pub/CPAN 755 ftp://ftp.lug.udel.edu/pub/CPAN 756 757=item District of Columbia 758 759 ftp://ftp.dc.aleron.net/pub/CPAN/ 760 761=item Florida 762 763 ftp://ftp.cise.ufl.edu/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ 764 http://mirror.csit.fsu.edu/pub/CPAN/ 765 ftp://mirror.csit.fsu.edu/pub/CPAN/ 766 http://cpan.mirrors.nks.net/ 767 768=item Indiana 769 770 ftp://ftp.uwsg.iu.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ 771 http://cpan.netnitco.net/ 772 ftp://cpan.netnitco.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ 773 http://archive.progeny.com/CPAN/ 774 ftp://archive.progeny.com/CPAN/ 775 http://fx.saintjoe.edu/pub/CPAN 776 ftp://ftp.saintjoe.edu/pub/CPAN 777 http://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN 778 ftp://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN 779 780=item Kentucky 781 782 http://cpan.uky.edu/ 783 ftp://cpan.uky.edu/pub/CPAN/ 784 http://slugsite.louisville.edu/cpan 785 ftp://slugsite.louisville.edu/CPAN 786 787=item Massachusetts 788 789 http://mirrors.towardex.com/CPAN 790 ftp://mirrors.towardex.com/pub/CPAN 791 ftp://ftp.ccs.neu.edu/net/mirrors/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ 792 793=item Michigan 794 795 ftp://cpan.cse.msu.edu/ 796 http://cpan.calvin.edu/pub/CPAN 797 ftp://cpan.calvin.edu/pub/CPAN 798 799=item Nevada 800 801 http://www.oss.redundant.com/pub/CPAN 802 ftp://www.oss.redundant.com/pub/CPAN 803 804=item New Jersey 805 806 http://ftp.cpanel.net/pub/CPAN/ 807 ftp://ftp.cpanel.net/pub/CPAN/ 808 http://cpan.teleglobe.net/ 809 ftp://cpan.teleglobe.net/pub/CPAN 810 811=item New York 812 813 http://cpan.belfry.net/ 814 http://cpan.erlbaum.net/ 815 ftp://cpan.erlbaum.net/ 816 http://cpan.thepirtgroup.com/ 817 ftp://cpan.thepirtgroup.com/ 818 ftp://ftp.stealth.net/pub/CPAN/ 819 http://www.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/ 820 ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/ 821 822=item North Carolina 823 824 http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/languages/perl/CPAN 825 ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/languages/perl/CPAN 826 ftp://ftp.duke.edu/pub/perl/ 827 ftp://ftp.ncsu.edu/pub/mirror/CPAN/ 828 829=item Oklahoma 830 831 ftp://ftp.ou.edu/mirrors/CPAN/ 832 833=item Oregon 834 835 ftp://ftp.orst.edu/pub/CPAN 836 837=item Pennsylvania 838 839 http://ftp.epix.net/CPAN/ 840 ftp://ftp.epix.net/pub/languages/perl/ 841 http://mirrors.phenominet.com/pub/CPAN/ 842 ftp://mirrors.phenominet.com/pub/CPAN/ 843 http://cpan.pair.com/ 844 ftp://cpan.pair.com/pub/CPAN/ 845 ftp://carroll.cac.psu.edu/pub/CPAN/ 846 847=item Tennessee 848 849 ftp://ftp.sunsite.utk.edu/pub/CPAN/ 850 851=item Texas 852 853 http://ftp.sedl.org/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ 854 http://www.binarycode.org/cpan 855 ftp://mirror.telentente.com/pub/CPAN 856 http://mirrors.theonlinerecordstore.com/CPAN 857 858=item Utah 859 860 ftp://mirror.xmission.com/CPAN/ 861 862=item Virginia 863 864 http://cpan-du.viaverio.com/ 865 ftp://cpan-du.viaverio.com/pub/CPAN/ 866 http://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/ 867 ftp://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/ 868 http://perl.secsup.org/ 869 ftp://perl.secsup.org/pub/perl/ 870 http://noc.cvaix.com/mirrors/CPAN/ 871 872=item Washington 873 874 http://cpan.llarian.net/ 875 ftp://cpan.llarian.net/pub/CPAN/ 876 http://cpan.mirrorcentral.com/ 877 ftp://ftp.mirrorcentral.com/pub/CPAN/ 878 ftp://ftp-mirror.internap.com/pub/CPAN/ 879 880=item Wisconsin 881 882 http://mirror.sit.wisc.edu/pub/CPAN/ 883 ftp://mirror.sit.wisc.edu/pub/CPAN/ 884 http://mirror.aphix.com/CPAN 885 ftp://mirror.aphix.com/pub/CPAN 886 887=back 888 889=back 890 891=head2 Oceania 892 893=over 4 894 895=item Australia 896 897 http://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/ 898 ftp://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/ 899 ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/perl/CPAN/ 900 ftp://cpan.topend.com.au/pub/CPAN/ 901 http://cpan.mirrors.ilisys.com.au 902 903=item New Zealand 904 905 ftp://ftp.auckland.ac.nz/pub/perl/CPAN/ 906 907=item United States 908 909 http://aniani.ifa.hawaii.edu/CPAN/ 910 ftp://aniani.ifa.hawaii.edu/CPAN/ 911 912=back 913 914=head2 South America 915 916=over 4 917 918=item Argentina 919 920 ftp://mirrors.bannerlandia.com.ar/mirrors/CPAN/ 921 http://www.linux.org.ar/mirrors/cpan 922 ftp://ftp.linux.org.ar/mirrors/cpan 923 924=item Brazil 925 926 ftp://cpan.pop-mg.com.br/pub/CPAN/ 927 ftp://ftp.matrix.com.br/pub/perl/CPAN/ 928 http://cpan.hostsul.com.br/ 929 ftp://cpan.hostsul.com.br/ 930 931=item Chile 932 933 http://cpan.netglobalis.net/ 934 ftp://cpan.netglobalis.net/pub/CPAN/ 935 936=back 937 938=head2 RSYNC Mirrors 939 940 www.linux.org.ar::cpan 941 theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca::CPAN 942 ftp.shellhung.org::CPAN 943 rsync.nic.funet.fi::CPAN 944 ftp.u-paris10.fr::CPAN 945 mir1.ovh.net::CPAN 946 rsync://ftp.crihan.fr::CPAN 947 ftp.gwdg.de::FTP/languages/perl/CPAN/ 948 ftp.leo.org::CPAN 949 ftp.cbn.net.id::CPAN 950 rsync://ftp.heanet.ie/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN 951 ftp.iglu.org.il::CPAN 952 gusp.dyndns.org::cpan 953 ftp.kddlabs.co.jp::cpan 954 ftp.ayamura.org::pub/CPAN/ 955 mirror.leafbug.org::CPAN 956 rsync.en.com.sg::CPAN 957 mirror.averse.net::cpan 958 rsync.oss.eznetsols.org 959 ftp.kr.FreeBSD.org::CPAN 960 ftp.solnet.ch::CPAN 961 cpan.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw::CPAN 962 cpan.teleglobe.net::CPAN 963 rsync://rsync.mirror.anlx.net::CPAN 964 ftp.sedl.org::cpan 965 ibiblio.org::CPAN 966 cpan-du.viaverio.com::CPAN 967 aniani.ifa.hawaii.edu::CPAN 968 archive.progeny.com::CPAN 969 rsync://slugsite.louisville.edu::CPAN 970 mirror.aphix.com::CPAN 971 cpan.teleglobe.net::CPAN 972 ftp.lug.udel.edu::cpan 973 mirrors.kernel.org::mirrors/CPAN 974 mirrors.phenominet.com::CPAN 975 cpan.pair.com::CPAN 976 cpan-sj.viaverio.com::CPAN 977 mirror.csit.fsu.edu::CPAN 978 csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu::CPAN 979 980For an up-to-date listing of CPAN sites, 981see http://www.cpan.org/SITES or ftp://www.cpan.org/SITES . 982 983=head1 Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse 984 985(The following section is borrowed directly from Tim Bunce's modules 986file, available at your nearest CPAN site.) 987 988Perl implements a class using a package, but the presence of a 989package doesn't imply the presence of a class. A package is just a 990namespace. A class is a package that provides subroutines that can be 991used as methods. A method is just a subroutine that expects, as its 992first argument, either the name of a package (for "static" methods), 993or a reference to something (for "virtual" methods). 994 995A module is a file that (by convention) provides a class of the same 996name (sans the .pm), plus an import method in that class that can be 997called to fetch exported symbols. This module may implement some of 998its methods by loading dynamic C or C++ objects, but that should be 999totally transparent to the user of the module. Likewise, the module 1000might set up an AUTOLOAD function to slurp in subroutine definitions on 1001demand, but this is also transparent. Only the F<.pm> file is required to 1002exist. See L<perlsub>, L<perltoot>, and L<AutoLoader> for details about 1003the AUTOLOAD mechanism. 1004 1005=head2 Guidelines for Module Creation 1006 1007=over 4 1008 1009=item * 1010 1011Do similar modules already exist in some form? 1012 1013If so, please try to reuse the existing modules either in whole or 1014by inheriting useful features into a new class. If this is not 1015practical try to get together with the module authors to work on 1016extending or enhancing the functionality of the existing modules. 1017A perfect example is the plethora of packages in perl4 for dealing 1018with command line options. 1019 1020If you are writing a module to expand an already existing set of 1021modules, please coordinate with the author of the package. It 1022helps if you follow the same naming scheme and module interaction 1023scheme as the original author. 1024 1025=item * 1026 1027Try to design the new module to be easy to extend and reuse. 1028 1029Try to C<use warnings;> (or C<use warnings qw(...);>). 1030Remember that you can add C<no warnings qw(...);> to individual blocks 1031of code that need less warnings. 1032 1033Use blessed references. Use the two argument form of bless to bless 1034into the class name given as the first parameter of the constructor, 1035e.g.,: 1036 1037 sub new { 1038 my $class = shift; 1039 return bless {}, $class; 1040 } 1041 1042or even this if you'd like it to be used as either a static 1043or a virtual method. 1044 1045 sub new { 1046 my $self = shift; 1047 my $class = ref($self) || $self; 1048 return bless {}, $class; 1049 } 1050 1051Pass arrays as references so more parameters can be added later 1052(it's also faster). Convert functions into methods where 1053appropriate. Split large methods into smaller more flexible ones. 1054Inherit methods from other modules if appropriate. 1055 1056Avoid class name tests like: C<die "Invalid" unless ref $ref eq 'FOO'>. 1057Generally you can delete the C<eq 'FOO'> part with no harm at all. 1058Let the objects look after themselves! Generally, avoid hard-wired 1059class names as far as possible. 1060 1061Avoid C<< $r->Class::func() >> where using C<@ISA=qw(... Class ...)> and 1062C<< $r->func() >> would work (see L<perlbot> for more details). 1063 1064Use autosplit so little used or newly added functions won't be a 1065burden to programs that don't use them. Add test functions to 1066the module after __END__ either using AutoSplit or by saying: 1067 1068 eval join('',<main::DATA>) || die $@ unless caller(); 1069 1070Does your module pass the 'empty subclass' test? If you say 1071C<@SUBCLASS::ISA = qw(YOURCLASS);> your applications should be able 1072to use SUBCLASS in exactly the same way as YOURCLASS. For example, 1073does your application still work if you change: C<$obj = new YOURCLASS;> 1074into: C<$obj = new SUBCLASS;> ? 1075 1076Avoid keeping any state information in your packages. It makes it 1077difficult for multiple other packages to use yours. Keep state 1078information in objects. 1079 1080Always use B<-w>. 1081 1082Try to C<use strict;> (or C<use strict qw(...);>). 1083Remember that you can add C<no strict qw(...);> to individual blocks 1084of code that need less strictness. 1085 1086Always use B<-w>. 1087 1088Follow the guidelines in the perlstyle(1) manual. 1089 1090Always use B<-w>. 1091 1092=item * 1093 1094Some simple style guidelines 1095 1096The perlstyle manual supplied with Perl has many helpful points. 1097 1098Coding style is a matter of personal taste. Many people evolve their 1099style over several years as they learn what helps them write and 1100maintain good code. Here's one set of assorted suggestions that 1101seem to be widely used by experienced developers: 1102 1103Use underscores to separate words. It is generally easier to read 1104$var_names_like_this than $VarNamesLikeThis, especially for 1105non-native speakers of English. It's also a simple rule that works 1106consistently with VAR_NAMES_LIKE_THIS. 1107 1108Package/Module names are an exception to this rule. Perl informally 1109reserves lowercase module names for 'pragma' modules like integer 1110and strict. Other modules normally begin with a capital letter and 1111use mixed case with no underscores (need to be short and portable). 1112 1113You may find it helpful to use letter case to indicate the scope 1114or nature of a variable. For example: 1115 1116 $ALL_CAPS_HERE constants only (beware clashes with Perl vars) 1117 $Some_Caps_Here package-wide global/static 1118 $no_caps_here function scope my() or local() variables 1119 1120Function and method names seem to work best as all lowercase. 1121e.g., C<< $obj->as_string() >>. 1122 1123You can use a leading underscore to indicate that a variable or 1124function should not be used outside the package that defined it. 1125 1126=item * 1127 1128Select what to export. 1129 1130Do NOT export method names! 1131 1132Do NOT export anything else by default without a good reason! 1133 1134Exports pollute the namespace of the module user. If you must 1135export try to use @EXPORT_OK in preference to @EXPORT and avoid 1136short or common names to reduce the risk of name clashes. 1137 1138Generally anything not exported is still accessible from outside the 1139module using the ModuleName::item_name (or C<< $blessed_ref->method >>) 1140syntax. By convention you can use a leading underscore on names to 1141indicate informally that they are 'internal' and not for public use. 1142 1143(It is actually possible to get private functions by saying: 1144C<my $subref = sub { ... }; &$subref;>. But there's no way to call that 1145directly as a method, because a method must have a name in the symbol 1146table.) 1147 1148As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object oriented 1149then export nothing. If it's just a collection of functions then 1150@EXPORT_OK anything but use @EXPORT with caution. 1151 1152=item * 1153 1154Select a name for the module. 1155 1156This name should be as descriptive, accurate, and complete as 1157possible. Avoid any risk of ambiguity. Always try to use two or 1158more whole words. Generally the name should reflect what is special 1159about what the module does rather than how it does it. Please use 1160nested module names to group informally or categorize a module. 1161There should be a very good reason for a module not to have a nested name. 1162Module names should begin with a capital letter. 1163 1164Having 57 modules all called Sort will not make life easy for anyone 1165(though having 23 called Sort::Quick is only marginally better :-). 1166Imagine someone trying to install your module alongside many others. 1167If in any doubt ask for suggestions in comp.lang.perl.misc. 1168 1169If you are developing a suite of related modules/classes it's good 1170practice to use nested classes with a common prefix as this will 1171avoid namespace clashes. For example: Xyz::Control, Xyz::View, 1172Xyz::Model etc. Use the modules in this list as a naming guide. 1173 1174If adding a new module to a set, follow the original author's 1175standards for naming modules and the interface to methods in 1176those modules. 1177 1178If developing modules for private internal or project specific use, 1179that will never be released to the public, then you should ensure 1180that their names will not clash with any future public module. You 1181can do this either by using the reserved Local::* category or by 1182using a category name that includes an underscore like Foo_Corp::*. 1183 1184To be portable each component of a module name should be limited to 118511 characters. If it might be used on MS-DOS then try to ensure each is 1186unique in the first 8 characters. Nested modules make this easier. 1187 1188=item * 1189 1190Have you got it right? 1191 1192How do you know that you've made the right decisions? Have you 1193picked an interface design that will cause problems later? Have 1194you picked the most appropriate name? Do you have any questions? 1195 1196The best way to know for sure, and pick up many helpful suggestions, 1197is to ask someone who knows. Comp.lang.perl.misc is read by just about 1198all the people who develop modules and it's the best place to ask. 1199 1200All you need to do is post a short summary of the module, its 1201purpose and interfaces. A few lines on each of the main methods is 1202probably enough. (If you post the whole module it might be ignored 1203by busy people - generally the very people you want to read it!) 1204 1205Don't worry about posting if you can't say when the module will be 1206ready - just say so in the message. It might be worth inviting 1207others to help you, they may be able to complete it for you! 1208 1209=item * 1210 1211README and other Additional Files. 1212 1213It's well known that software developers usually fully document the 1214software they write. If, however, the world is in urgent need of 1215your software and there is not enough time to write the full 1216documentation please at least provide a README file containing: 1217 1218=over 10 1219 1220=item * 1221 1222A description of the module/package/extension etc. 1223 1224=item * 1225 1226A copyright notice - see below. 1227 1228=item * 1229 1230Prerequisites - what else you may need to have. 1231 1232=item * 1233 1234How to build it - possible changes to Makefile.PL etc. 1235 1236=item * 1237 1238How to install it. 1239 1240=item * 1241 1242Recent changes in this release, especially incompatibilities 1243 1244=item * 1245 1246Changes / enhancements you plan to make in the future. 1247 1248=back 1249 1250If the README file seems to be getting too large you may wish to 1251split out some of the sections into separate files: INSTALL, 1252Copying, ToDo etc. 1253 1254=over 4 1255 1256=item * 1257 1258Adding a Copyright Notice. 1259 1260How you choose to license your work is a personal decision. 1261The general mechanism is to assert your Copyright and then make 1262a declaration of how others may copy/use/modify your work. 1263 1264Perl, for example, is supplied with two types of licence: The GNU GPL 1265and The Artistic Licence (see the files README, Copying, and Artistic, 1266or L<perlgpl> and L<perlartistic>). Larry has good reasons for NOT 1267just using the GNU GPL. 1268 1269My personal recommendation, out of respect for Larry, Perl, and the 1270Perl community at large is to state something simply like: 1271 1272 Copyright (c) 1995 Your Name. All rights reserved. 1273 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or 1274 modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. 1275 1276This statement should at least appear in the README file. You may 1277also wish to include it in a Copying file and your source files. 1278Remember to include the other words in addition to the Copyright. 1279 1280=item * 1281 1282Give the module a version/issue/release number. 1283 1284To be fully compatible with the Exporter and MakeMaker modules you 1285should store your module's version number in a non-my package 1286variable called $VERSION. This should be a floating point 1287number with at least two digits after the decimal (i.e., hundredths, 1288e.g, C<$VERSION = "0.01">). Don't use a "1.3.2" style version. 1289See L<Exporter> for details. 1290 1291It may be handy to add a function or method to retrieve the number. 1292Use the number in announcements and archive file names when 1293releasing the module (ModuleName-1.02.tar.Z). 1294See perldoc ExtUtils::MakeMaker.pm for details. 1295 1296=item * 1297 1298How to release and distribute a module. 1299 1300It's good idea to post an announcement of the availability of your 1301module (or the module itself if small) to the comp.lang.perl.announce 1302Usenet newsgroup. This will at least ensure very wide once-off 1303distribution. 1304 1305If possible, register the module with CPAN. You should 1306include details of its location in your announcement. 1307 1308Some notes about ftp archives: Please use a long descriptive file 1309name that includes the version number. Most incoming directories 1310will not be readable/listable, i.e., you won't be able to see your 1311file after uploading it. Remember to send your email notification 1312message as soon as possible after uploading else your file may get 1313deleted automatically. Allow time for the file to be processed 1314and/or check the file has been processed before announcing its 1315location. 1316 1317FTP Archives for Perl Modules: 1318 1319Follow the instructions and links on: 1320 1321 http://www.cpan.org/modules/00modlist.long.html 1322 http://www.cpan.org/modules/04pause.html 1323 1324or upload to one of these sites: 1325 1326 https://pause.kbx.de/pause/ 1327 http://pause.perl.org/pause/ 1328 1329and notify <modules@perl.org>. 1330 1331By using the WWW interface you can ask the Upload Server to mirror 1332your modules from your ftp or WWW site into your own directory on 1333CPAN! 1334 1335Please remember to send me an updated entry for the Module list! 1336 1337=item * 1338 1339Take care when changing a released module. 1340 1341Always strive to remain compatible with previous released versions. 1342Otherwise try to add a mechanism to revert to the 1343old behavior if people rely on it. Document incompatible changes. 1344 1345=back 1346 1347=back 1348 1349=head2 Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules 1350 1351=over 4 1352 1353=item * 1354 1355There is no requirement to convert anything. 1356 1357If it ain't broke, don't fix it! Perl 4 library scripts should 1358continue to work with no problems. You may need to make some minor 1359changes (like escaping non-array @'s in double quoted strings) but 1360there is no need to convert a .pl file into a Module for just that. 1361 1362=item * 1363 1364Consider the implications. 1365 1366All Perl applications that make use of the script will need to 1367be changed (slightly) if the script is converted into a module. Is 1368it worth it unless you plan to make other changes at the same time? 1369 1370=item * 1371 1372Make the most of the opportunity. 1373 1374If you are going to convert the script to a module you can use the 1375opportunity to redesign the interface. The guidelines for module 1376creation above include many of the issues you should consider. 1377 1378=item * 1379 1380The pl2pm utility will get you started. 1381 1382This utility will read *.pl files (given as parameters) and write 1383corresponding *.pm files. The pl2pm utilities does the following: 1384 1385=over 10 1386 1387=item * 1388 1389Adds the standard Module prologue lines 1390 1391=item * 1392 1393Converts package specifiers from ' to :: 1394 1395=item * 1396 1397Converts die(...) to croak(...) 1398 1399=item * 1400 1401Several other minor changes 1402 1403=back 1404 1405Being a mechanical process pl2pm is not bullet proof. The converted 1406code will need careful checking, especially any package statements. 1407Don't delete the original .pl file till the new .pm one works! 1408 1409=back 1410 1411=head2 Guidelines for Reusing Application Code 1412 1413=over 4 1414 1415=item * 1416 1417Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library. 1418 1419=item * 1420 1421Many applications contain some Perl code that could be reused. 1422 1423Help save the world! Share your code in a form that makes it easy 1424to reuse. 1425 1426=item * 1427 1428Break-out the reusable code into one or more separate module files. 1429 1430=item * 1431 1432Take the opportunity to reconsider and redesign the interfaces. 1433 1434=item * 1435 1436In some cases the 'application' can then be reduced to a small 1437 1438fragment of code built on top of the reusable modules. In these cases 1439the application could invoked as: 1440 1441 % perl -e 'use Module::Name; method(@ARGV)' ... 1442or 1443 % perl -mModule::Name ... (in perl5.002 or higher) 1444 1445=back 1446 1447=head1 NOTE 1448 1449Perl does not enforce private and public parts of its modules as you may 1450have been used to in other languages like C++, Ada, or Modula-17. Perl 1451doesn't have an infatuation with enforced privacy. It would prefer 1452that you stayed out of its living room because you weren't invited, not 1453because it has a shotgun. 1454 1455The module and its user have a contract, part of which is common law, 1456and part of which is "written". Part of the common law contract is 1457that a module doesn't pollute any namespace it wasn't asked to. The 1458written contract for the module (A.K.A. documentation) may make other 1459provisions. But then you know when you C<use RedefineTheWorld> that 1460you're redefining the world and willing to take the consequences. 1461EOF 1462 1463close MANIFEST or warn "$0: failed to close MANIFEST (../MANIFEST): $!"; 1464close OUT or warn "$0: failed to close OUT (perlmodlib.pod): $!"; 1465 1466