Devel::MAT::UserGuide(3)

NAME
"Devel::MAT::UserGuide" - a users' introduction to "Devel::MAT"

OVERVIEW
The "Devel::MAT" ecosystem allows developers of perl programs to inspect and analyse memory-related problems such as memory leaks, unexpected memory consumption, or odd state. This is an "offline" analysis system, in the sense that the analysis tools all run in a different process, possibly at a later time, than the perl process that is being analysed.

The basic workflow consists of two main stages: first a heap dump file is generated from the perl process being debugged, at or around the time that the problem becomes apparent, and secondly this file is loaded by an analysis tool in order to inspect the contents.

These two stages are described here separately. It is important to note that they don't have to be done at the same time, on the same perl process, or even on the same sort of machine. It is fully possible to capture the heap from a process on, say, a small server, then copy the file to a development workstation or laptop and analyse it there at a later time. It is for this reason that the heap-dumping part, Devel::MAT::Dumper, is now separated into its own CPAN distribution. This means it can be installed on its own, without all the extra dependencies the full set of analysis tools require.

CAPTURING THE HEAP
To generate the heap dump file that captures the contents of the heap, the Devel::MAT::Dumper module is used. Ultimately the "dump" function within it needs to be called, but usually one of the module load options can be used on the perl commandline to achieve this without requiring the running code to be modified.

For example, the "-dump_at_DIE" option means that a heap dump will be written just before the process quits due to an uncaught exception:

  $ perl -MDevel::MAT::Dumper=-dump_at_DIE program.pl

At this point, the program will start up and run normally, but if it is about to die, it will first write a .pmat file capturing the contents of the memory.

  ...
  Dumping to program.pl.pmat because of DIE
  Can't call method "method" on an undefined value at program.pl line 123.

There are a variety of other options for other situations, to suit other sorts of bugs and issues under investigation. For more options, see the documentation at "IMPORT OPTIONS" in Devel::MAT::Dumper.

ANALYSING THE HEAP
Now that we have a .pmat file, we can load it and start to inspect the contents. A lot of the smaller, simpler tools are built as plugins for the main pmat command shell, so we can start by loading the heap file there.

  $ pmat program.pl.pmat
  Perl memory dumpfile from perl 5.24.1
  Heap contains 15624 objects
  pmat>

In this shell a collection of commands is available to help analyse and inspect the contents of memory represented by this heap dump, which can be used in an interactive way, trying to narrow down to find the cause of the memory issue.

It is hard in general to describe exactly what sequence of analysis commands will be best to find the problem, as the specifics of each individual case will call for different kinds of analysis and require us to ask different questions of the toolset.

Ultimately there is quite a variety of possible underlying causes of memory growth in a Perl program; a few possible causes could be:

•   A single large SV such as a hash or array containing millions of items, or a single string possibly gigabytes in length.

•   A large number of SVs being created retained indefinitely, never being reclaimed.

•   A large number of temporary SVs being created, but due to internal reference cycles their memory is never reclaimed despite them now being unreachable.

This list of course is quite incomplete - there are as many different variations of erroenous memory usage as there are possible programs to write. Additionally, a lot of more interesting programs often suffer multiple overlapping issues at once. Nevertheless, this broad categorisation can help to describe some overall approaches to finding memory usage issues.

A good first step to take in the pmat shell to try to distinguish these cases is to use the "largest" command. This command requires no additional arguments, and by default will print (in size order), the five largest individual SVs in the entire heap.

  pmat> largest

For more information about the "largest" command, see also "largest" in Devel::MAT::Tool::Sizes.

  One Large SV
Sometimes you'll find a single SV that far outweighs all the others; for example:

  pmat> largest
  SCALAR(PV) at 0x6a47708: 1.6 GiB
  SCALAR(PV) at 0x1a59488: 4.0 MiB
  HASH(0) at 0xfb4770=strtab: 1.5 MiB
  SCALAR(PV) at 0x71b6468: 707.3 KiB
  SCALAR(PV) at 0x71be2f0: 609.6 KiB
  others: 46.2 MiB

In this output, we see that the topmost SV reported, at address 0x6a47708 is much larger than everything else put together. In this case we have essentially already found the cause of the memory usage growth, and we can proceed by identifying what this particular SV actually is, by following the process in Devel::MAT::UserGuide::IdentifyingAnSV.

For a brief overview, we can just count the total number of objects of various kinds in the heap:

  pmat> count
    Kind       Count (blessed)        Bytes (blessed)
    ARRAY        182         0     16.0 KiB
    CODE         182         0     22.8 KiB
    GLOB         325         0     48.2 KiB
    ...

We can inspect the callstack at the time the heap dump was made:

  pmat> callers
  caller(0): CODE(PP) at 0x55555582a4e8=&main::__ANON__ => void
    at t/test.pl line 49
    $_[0]: SCALAR(PV) at 0x55c2bdce2778 = "arguments"
    $_[1]: SCALAR(PV) at 0x55c2bdce2868 = "go"
    $_[2]: SCALAR(PV) at 0x55c2bdce26e8 = "here"
  ...

COMMAND HELP
A list of the commands currently available in the shell can be found by the "help" command:

  pmat> help
  callers   - Display the caller stack
  count     - Count the various kinds of SV
  elems     - List the elements of an ARRAY SV
  ...

For more information about a particular command, give its name as an argument to the "help" command:

  pmat> help sizes
  sizes - Summarize object and byte counts across different SV types

  SYNOPSIS:
    sizes [OPTIONS...]

  OPTIONS:
    --owned     sum SVs by owned size
    --struct    sum SVs by structural size

Also note that each command is implemented by a (correctly-cased) package under the "Devel::MAT::Tool" namespace. For example, the "count" tool is implemented by, and therefore more documentation can be found in, the Devel::MAT::Tool::Count package.

  Specifying SVs
Many commands operate on a particular given SV. This can be specified in several ways:

•   A numerical address directly:

       pmat> show 0x55a7e4e59f78
       IO()=IO::File at 0x55a7e4e59f78 with refcount 1
       ...

•   A named root SV (see the "roots" command for a list of them all):

       pmat> show defstash
       STASH(61) at 0x55a7e4d69060=defstash with refcount 2

•   A named symbol from the symbol table. Note that subs require the "&" sigil:

      pmat> show $warnings::VERSION
      SCALAR(PV) at 0x55a7e4d96550 with refcount 1
      ...

      pmat> show &warnings::import
      CODE(PP) at 0x55a7e4dc3458 with refcount 1
      ...

AUTHOR
Paul Evans <leonerd@leonerd.org.uk>