TARSNAP(1)

NAME
tarsnap - manipulate remote encrypted backups

SYNOPSIS
tarsnap {-c} --keyfile key-file --cachedir cache-dir -f archive-name [options] [files | directories]
tarsnap {-d} --keyfile key-file --cachedir cache-dir -f archive-name [options]
tarsnap {-t | -x} --keyfile key-file -f archive-name [options] [patterns]
tarsnap {-r} --keyfile key-file -f archive-name
tarsnap {--list-archives} --keyfile key-file
tarsnap {--print-stats} --keyfile key-file --cachedir cache-dir [-f archive-name]
tarsnap {--recover} --keyfile key-file --cachedir cache-dir
tarsnap {--fsck} --keyfile key-file --cachedir cache-dir
tarsnap {--fsck-prune} --keyfile key-file --cachedir cache-dir
tarsnap {--initialize-cachedir} --keyfile key-file --cachedir cache-dir
tarsnap {--nuke} --keyfile key-file
tarsnap --verify-config
tarsnap --version

DESCRIPTION
tarsnap creates, reads, deletes, and otherwise manages online backups.

The first option to tarsnap is a mode indicator from the following list:
-c  Create an archive containing the specified items and name.
-d  Delete the specified archive.
-t  List archive contents to stdout.
-x  Extract to disk from the archive.
-r  Read the specified archive, convert it to a tar stream, and write it to stdout.
--list-archives
    Print the names of archives stored. If the -v flag is specified one or more times, the creation time of each archive is also printed; if the -v flag is specified two or more times, the command line with which tarsnap was invoked to create each archive is also printed.
--print-stats
    Print global statistics concerning the archives stored, and optionally information about individual archive(s). See "PRINTING ARCHIVE STATISTICS" below for information on the output format.
--recover
    Recover a partial archive from a checkpoint if such an archive exists. This is also done automatically the next time an archive is created or deleted.
--fsck
    Perform some integrity checks on the archives stored, and reconstruct the cache directory cache-dir. In the unlikely event that there are corrupted archives, tarsnap will exit and request that it be run with the --fsck-prune option.
--fsck-prune
    Run as --fsck, but if corrupt archives are detected, prune the broken data.
--initialize-cachedir
    Create and initialize the cachedir. This option is intended for the GUI and is not needed for command-line usage.
--nuke
    Delete all of the archives stored. To protect against accidental data loss, tarsnap will ask you to type the text "No Tomorrow" when using the --nuke command.
--verify-config
    Check the configuration file(s) for syntactic errors.
--version
    Print version number of tarsnap, and exit.

In -c mode, each specified file or directory is added to the archive in the order specified on the command line. By default, the contents of each directory are also archived.

In -t or -x mode, the entire command line is read and parsed before the archive is opened. The pathnames or patterns on the command line indicate which items in the archive should be processed. Patterns are shell-style globbing patterns as documented in tcsh(1).

Two concurrent create or delete operations may not be performed with the same key. Extracting or listing archives may be performed in parallel with any other operation.

OPTIONS

@archive-file
    (c mode only) The specified archive file is read and the entries in it will be appended to the current archive. If archive-file is “-” then the archive will be read from the standard input. As an example,
        tarsnap -c --keyfile key-file --cachedir cache-dir -f mybackup @backup.tar
    reads the archive file backup.tar from disk and stores it using tarsnap.

@@archive-name
    (c mode only) The specified tarsnap archive is read and the entries in it will be appended to the current archive.

--aggressive-networking
    (c mode only) Use multiple TCP connections to send data to the tarsnap server. If the upload rate is congestion-limited rather than being limited by individual bottleneck(s), this may allow tarsnap to use a significantly larger fraction of the available bandwidth, at the expense of slowing down any other network traffic.

--archive-names filename
    Read a list of archive names from filename.

-C directory
    (c and x modes only) In c mode, this changes the directory before adding the following files. In x mode, change directories after opening the archive but before extracting entries from the archive.

--cachedir cache-dir
    (c, d, print-stats, and fsck modes) Cache information about the archives stored by tarsnap in the directory cache-dir. The contents of this directory will not be backed up by tarsnap, so it should not be used for any other purpose. If the directory cache-dir is lost, it can be reconstructed by running tarsnap --fsck.

--check-links
    (c mode only) Issue a warning message unless all links to each file are archived.

--checkpoint-bytes bytespercheckpoint
    (c mode only) Create a checkpoint after every bytespercheckpoint bytes of uploaded data. The value bytespercheckpoint must be at least 1000000, and a higher value is recommended since creating a checkpoint in an archive can take a few seconds and several hundred kB of bandwidth.

--chroot
    (x mode only) chroot() to the current directory after processing any -C options and before extracting any files.

--configfile file
    Add file to the list of configuration files to be read; options set via these take priority over the default configuration files. This option can be specified multiple times, in which case all the files will be read; where settings conflict, the earlier configuration file will take priority.

--creationtime X
    (c mode only) Manually specify a creation time (a unix timestamp) for the archive. This is unlikely to be useful when tarsnap is being invoked directly from the command line.

--csv-file X
    (only relevant with --print-stats) Write statistics in CSV format to a file.

--disk-pause X
    (c mode only) Pause for X ms between storing archive entries and after every 64 kB of file data. This will slow down tarsnap and thereby reduce its impact on other applications. For archiving files which are stored on an ATA disk and are not in the operating system disk cache, a value of --disk-pause 10 will approximately double the time taken.

--dry-run
    (c mode only) Don't really create an archive; just simulate doing so. The list of paths added to an archive (if the -v option is used) and statistics printed (if the --print-stats option is used) will be almost identical (typically within a few kB or a fraction of a percent) to if tarsnap is run without the --dry-run option.

    Note that the --maxbw option does not work in combination with --dry-run, since no bandwidth is actually used, and that since tarsnap does not contact the tarsnap server when performing a dry run, it will not detect an attempt to create an archive with the same name as one which already exists.

--exclude pattern
    (c, x, and t modes only) Do not process files or directories that match the specified pattern. Note that exclusions take precedence over patterns or filenames specified on the command line.

-f archive-name
    (c, d, x, t, r, and print-stats modes only) Operate on the archive archive-name. In mode c, if archive creation is interrupted by ^Q, the SIGQUIT signal, or reaching the bandwidth limit specified via a --maxbw option, the archive will be stored with ".part" appended to its name. In mode print-stats, if archive-name is *, statistics will be printed for every archive. In the print-stats and d modes, -f archive-name can be specified multiple times, in which case the operation (printing statistics, or deletion) will be performed for each of the specified archives.

    Note that each archive created must have a different name; consequently many users find it useful to include timestamps in archive names when repeatedly creating archives from the same files/directories (e.g., daily backups).

-H  (c mode only) Symbolic links named on the command line will be followed; the target of the link will be archived, not the link itself.

-h  (c mode only) Synonym for -L.

--humanize-numbers
    Use SI prefixes to make numbers printed by --print-stats and SIGINFO more readable.

-I  Synonym for -T.

--include pattern
    (c, x, and t modes only) Process only files or directories that match the specified pattern. Note that exclusions specified with --exclude take precedence over inclusions. If no inclusions are explicitly specified, all entries are processed by default. The --include option is especially useful when filtering archives. For example, the command
        tarsnap -c -f foo-backup --include='*foo*' @@all-backup
    creates a new archive foo-backup containing only the entries from all-backup containing the string ‘foo’.

--force-resources
    Force the decryption of a passphrase-encrypted key file to proceed even if it is anticipated to require an excessive amount of memory or CPU time.

--insane-filesystems
    (c mode only) Allow descent into synthetic filesystems such as procfs. Normally archiving of such filesystems is a silly thing to do, hence the name of the option.

--iso-dates
    (-t mode only) Print file and directory dates as yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss.

-k  (x mode only) Do not overwrite existing files. In particular, if a file appears more than once in an archive, later copies will not overwrite earlier copies.

--keep-going
    (d and print-stats mode only) Continue deleting or printing statistics after finding that one of the archives specified does not exist.

--keep-newer-files
    (x mode only) Do not overwrite existing files that are newer than the versions appearing in the archive being extracted.

--keyfile key-file
    (all modes) Obtain encryption, authentication, and access keys from key-file. This file should have been generated by tarsnap-keygen(1).

-L  (c mode only) All symbolic links will be followed. Normally, symbolic links are archived as such. With this option, the target of the link will be archived instead.

-l  This is a synonym for the --check-links option.

--lowmem
    (c mode only) Reduce memory usage by not caching small files. This may be useful when backing up files of average size less than 1 MB if the available RAM in kilobytes is less than the number of files being backed up.

-m  (x mode only) Do not extract modification time. By default, the modification time is set to the time stored in the archive.

--maxbw numbytes
    (c mode only) Interrupt archival if more than numbytes bytes of upstream bandwidth is used (see INTERRUPTING ARCHIVAL below for details).

--maxbw-rate bytespersecond
    Limit download and upload bandwidth used to bytespersecond bytes per second.

--maxbw-rate-down bytespersecond
    Limit download bandwidth used to bytespersecond bytes per second.

--maxbw-rate-up bytespersecond
    Limit upload bandwidth used to bytespersecond bytes per second.

-n  (c mode only) Do not recursively archive the contents of directories.

--newer date
    (c mode only) Only include files and directories newer than the specified date. This compares ctime entries.

--newer-mtime date
    (c mode only) Like --newer, except it compares mtime entries instead of ctime entries.

--newer-than file
    (c mode only) Only include files and directories newer than the specified file. This compares ctime entries.

--newer-mtime-than file
    (c mode only) Like --newer-than, except it compares mtime entries instead of ctime entries.

--nodump
    (c mode only) Honor the nodump file flag by skipping this file.

--noisy-warnings
    Be verbose when warning about network glitches. This is probably only useful for debugging purposes.

--normalmem
    Ignore any lowmem or verylowmem option specified in a configuration file.

--no-aggressive-networking
    Ignore any aggressive-networking option specified in a configuration file.

--no-config-exclude
    Ignore any exclude option specified in a configuration file. Normally exclude options specified via configuration files and the command line all take effect.

--no-config-include
    Ignore any include option specified in a configuration file. Normally include options specified via configuration files and the command line all take effect.

--no-default-config
    Do not read the default configuration files /usr/local/etc/tarsnap.conf and ~/.tarsnaprc

--no-disk-pause
    Ignore any disk-pause option specified in a configuration file.

--no-force-resources
    Ignore any force-resources option specified in a configuration file.

--no-humanize-numbers
    Ignore any humanize-numbers option specified in a configuration file.

--no-insane-filesystems
    Ignore any insane-filesystems option specified in a configuration file.

--no-iso-dates
    Ignore any iso-dates option specified in a configuration file.

--no-maxbw
    Ignore any maxbw option specified in a configuration file.

--no-maxbw-rate-down
    Ignore any maxbw-rate-down option specified in a configuration file. If a maxbw-rate option is specified in a configuration file, it will not affect the download bandwidth used, but may affect the upload bandwidth used (unless --no-maxbw-rate-up is also specified).

--no-maxbw-rate-up
    Ignore any maxbw-rate-up option specified in a configuration file. If a maxbw-rate option is specified in a configuration file, it will not affect the upload bandwidth used, but may affect the download bandwidth used (unless --no-maxbw-rate-down is also specified).

--no-nodump
    Ignore any nodump option specified in a configuration file.

--no-print-stats
    Ignore any print-stats option specified in a configuration file.

--no-quiet
    Ignore any quiet option specified in a configuration file.

--no-retry-forever
    Ignore any retry-forever option specified in a configuration file.

--no-snaptime
    Ignore any snaptime option specified in a configuration file.

--no-store-atime
    Ignore any store-atime option specified in a configuration file.

--no-totals
    Ignore any totals option specified in a configuration file.

--null
    (use with -I, -T, or -X) Filenames or patterns are separated by null characters, not by newlines. This is often used to read filenames output by the -print0 option to find(1).

--numeric-owner
    (x mode only) Ignore symbolic user and group names when restoring archives to disk, only numeric uid and gid values will be obeyed.

-O  (x and t modes only) In extract (-x) mode, files will be written to standard out rather than being extracted to disk. In list (-t) mode, the file listing will be written to stderr rather than the usual stdout.

-o  (x mode only) Use the user and group of the user running the program rather than those specified in the archive. Note that this has no significance unless -p is specified, and the program is being run by the root user. In this case, the file modes and flags from the archive will be restored, but ACLs or owner information in the archive will be discarded.

--one-file-system
    (c mode only) Do not cross mount points.

-P  (c, x, and t modes only) Preserve pathnames. By default, absolute pathnames (those that begin with a / character) have the leading slash removed both when creating archives and extracting from them. Also, tarsnap will refuse to extract archive entries whose pathnames contain.. or whose target directory would be altered by a symlink. This option suppresses these behaviors.

-p  (x mode only) Preserve file permissions. Attempt to restore the full permissions, including owner, file modes, file flags and ACLs, if available, for each item extracted from the archive. By default, newly-created files are owned by the user running tarsnap, the file mode is restored for newly-created regular files, and all other types of entries receive default permissions. If tarsnap is being run by root, the default is to restore the owner unless the -o option is also specified.

--print-stats
    (c and d modes only) Print statistics for the archive being created (c mode) or delete (d mode). See "PRINTING ARCHIVE STATISTICS" below for information on the output format.

-q (--fast-read)
    (x and t modes only) Extract or list only the first archive entry that matches each pattern or filename operand. Exit as soon as each specified pattern or filename has been matched. By default, the archive is always read to the very end, since there can be multiple entries with the same name and, by convention, later entries overwrite earlier entries. This option is provided as a performance optimization.

--quiet
    Avoid printing some warnings. Currently the warnings which are silenced by this option are "Removing leading '/' ...", "Not adding cache directory to archive", "... file may have grown while being archived", and "Skipping entry on filesystem of type ...", but it is likely that other warnings will be silenced by this option in future versions of tarsnap.

--retry-forever
    This option causes tarsnap to continue trying to reconnect to the tarsnap server forever, instead of giving up after 5-10 minutes. This may be useful for people with excessively flaky networks, or on mobile devices which regularly lose their internet connections for extended periods of time. This is not enabled by default since continued failures generally indicate a problem which should be investigated by the user.

-S  (x mode only) Extract files as sparse files. For every block on disk, check first if it contains any non-NULL bytes and seek over it otherwise. This works similar to the conv=sparse option of dd.

-s pattern
    Modify file or archive member names according to pattern. The pattern has the format /old/new/[gps]. old is a basic regular expression. If it doesn't apply, the pattern is skipped. new is the replacement string of the matched part. ~ is substituted with the match, \1 to \9 with the contents of the corresponding captured group. The optional trailing g specifies that matching should continue after the matched part and stop on the first unmatched pattern. The optional trailing s specifies that the pattern applies to the value of symbolic links. The optional trailing p specifies that after a successful substitution the original path name and the new path name should be printed to standard error.

--strip-components count
    (x mode only) Remove the specified number of leading path elements. Pathnames with fewer elements will be silently skipped. Note that the pathname is edited after checking inclusion/exclusion patterns but before security checks.

--snaptime file
    (c mode only) This option MUST be specified when creating a backup from a filesystem snapshot, and file must have a modification time prior to when the filesystem snapshot was created. (This is necessary to prevent races between file modification and snapshot creation which could result in tarsnap failing to recognize that a file has been modified.)

--store-atime
    (c mode only) Enable the storing of file access times. The default behaviour of tarsnap is to not store file access times, since this can cause a significant amount of bandwidth and storage to be wasted when the same set of files are archived several times (e.g., if daily backup archives are created) due to tarsnap itself accessing files and thereby causing their access times to be changed.

-T filename
    (c, x, and t modes only) In x or t mode, tarsnap will read the list of names to be extracted from filename. In c mode, tarsnap will read names to be archived from filename. The special name “-C” on a line by itself will cause the current directory to be changed to the directory specified on the following line. Names are terminated by newlines unless --null is specified. Note that --null also disables the special handling of lines containing “-C”. If filename is “-” then the list of names will be read from the standard input.

--totals
    (c mode only) Print the size of the archive after creating it. This option is provided mainly for compatibility with GNU tar; in most situations the --print-stats option will be far more useful.

-U  (x mode only) Unlink files before creating them. Without this option, tarsnap overwrites existing files, which preserves existing hardlinks. With this option, existing hardlinks will be broken, as will any symlink that would affect the location of an extracted file.

-v  (c, t, x, and list-archives modes only) Produce verbose output. In create and extract modes, tarsnap will list each file name as it is read from or written to the archive. In list mode, tarsnap will produce output similar to that of ls(1). Additional -v options will provide additional detail.

--verylowmem
    (c mode only) Reduce memory usage, by approximately a factor of 2 beyond the memory usage when --lowmem is specified, by not caching anything.

--verify-config
    Check the configuration file(s) for syntactic errors.

--version
    Print version number of tarsnap, and exit.

-w  (c and x modes only) Ask for confirmation for every action.

-X filename
    (c, x, and t modes only) Read a list of exclusion patterns from the specified file. See --exclude for more information about the handling of exclusions.

SIGNALS
tarsnap provides special treatment of the following signals:

SIGUSR1 & SIGINFO
    On receipt of the SIGUSR1 signal or (on platforms where it exists) the SIGINFO signal, tarsnap prints the current file or directory being processed, and (for files) its progress within the file. Note that due to network buffering this position will not align precisely with how much data has been sent to or received from the tarsnap server.

SIGUSR2
    On receipt of the SIGUSR2 signal, if tarsnap is creating an archive (mode c), it will create a checkpoint at the current position.

SIGQUIT
    On receipt of the SIGQUIT signal, if tarsnap is creating an archive (mode c) it will truncate the archive at the current position and exit (see "INTERRUPTING ARCHIVAL" below).

PRINTING ARCHIVE STATISTICS
Statistics on archives can be printed by running tarsnap --print-stats and during archive creation or deletion statistics on the created or deleted archive can be printed using the --print-stats option. In either case, tarsnap will print a table in the following format:

                                           Total size  Compressed size
    All archives                         104491640436      51510524844
      (unique data)                       14830618089       7733620463
    This archive                            808723344        289077325
    New data                                 17858641          5658308

In this example, the combined size of all archives stored by tarsnap using the same keys is 104 GB, and the combined size post-compression would be 51 GB; but after removing duplicate blocks, there is only 14.8 GB which is compressed down to 7.7 GB. (It is this 7.7 GB which is stored via the Tarsnap service and must thus be paid for.) The newly created archive is 808 MB in size (compressible to 289 MB), but only 17.8 MB of the data is new, and after compression only 5.6 MB is uploaded to the Tarsnap server.

When tarsnap --print-stats is executed as a command, the table is printed to the standard output; when the --print-stats option is used while creating or deleting archives, the table is printed to the standard error device.

INTERRUPTING ARCHIVAL
Upon receipt of the SIGQUIT signal or Q, or if the bandwidth limit specified via a --maxbw option is reached, tarsnap will interrupt the creation of an archive and truncate it at the current position. When an archive is truncated, it will be named according to the user-specified name plus ".part" to denote the fact that it is incomplete. Such a truncated archive may be useful in its own right, but also offers the benefit that future attempts to archive the same data will be faster and use less bandwidth.

FIREWALLS
tarsnap communicates with the tarsnap server via a TCP connection to port 9279; in some environments it may be necessary to add a firewall rule to allow outgoing TCP connections to this port. At the present time (July 2009) there is only one IP address in use for the tarsnap server, so network administrators may wish to hard-code that IP address; however, it is likely that at some point in the future that IP address will change and/or other IP addresses will be added.

ENVIRONMENT
The following environment variables affect the execution of tarsnap:

LANG
    The locale to use. See environ(7) for more information.

TZ  The timezone to use when displaying dates. See environ(7) for more information.

FILES

/usr/local/etc/tarsnap.conf
    The system global tarsnap configuration file. Parameters specified here only take effect if they are not specified via the current user's local configuration file or via the command line.

~/.tarsnaprc
    The tarsnap configuration file for the current user. Parameters specified here take effect unless they are specified via the command line.

EXIT STATUS

EXAMPLES
Register with the server and generate keys:
    tarsnap-keygen --keyfile /usr/tarsnap.key --user me@example.com --machine myserver

Perform a backup of /usr/home and /other/stuff/to/backup:
    tarsnap --keyfile /usr/tarsnap.key --cachedir /usr/tarsnap-cache -c -f backup-2008-04-24 /usr/home /other/stuff/to/backup

Perform another backup, a day later; this is much faster since tarsnap will avoid storing data which was previously stored:
    tarsnap --keyfile /usr/tarsnap.key --cachedir /usr/tarsnap-cache -c -f backup-2008-04-25 /usr/home /other/stuff/to/backup

List the archives:
    tarsnap --keyfile /usr/tarsnap.key --list-archives

Delete the first backup, leaving the second backup intact:
    tarsnap --keyfile /usr/tarsnap.key --cachedir /usr/tarsnap-cache -d -f backup-2008-04-24

List the files in the remaining backup:
    tarsnap --keyfile /usr/tarsnap.key -tv -f backup-2008-04-25

Restore two users' home directories from the backup:
    tarsnap --keyfile /usr/tarsnap.key -x -f backup-2008-04-25 usr/home/auser usr/home/anotheruser

In /etc/crontab to create a backup of the entire system at 10:32 each day:
    32 10 * * * root tarsnap --keyfile /usr/tarsnap.key --cachedir /usr/tarsnap-cache -c -f backup-`date +\%Y\%m\%d` /

Note that the --keyfile and --cachedir options can be specified via the tarsnap.conf(5) configuration file, in which case they may be omitted from the command line.

SECURITY
Certain security issues are common to many archiving programs, including tarsnap. In particular, carefully-crafted archives can request that tarsnap extract files to locations outside of the target directory. This can potentially be used to cause unwitting users to overwrite files they did not intend to overwrite. If the archive is being extracted by the superuser, any file on the system can potentially be overwritten. There are three ways this can happen. Although tarsnap has mechanisms to protect against each one, savvy users should be aware of the implications:

•   Archive entries can have absolute pathnames. By default, tarsnap removes the leading / character from filenames before restoring them to guard against this problem.

•   Archive entries can have pathnames that include.. components. By default, tarsnap will not extract files containing.. components in their pathname.

•   Archive entries can exploit symbolic links to restore files to other directories. An archive can restore a symbolic link to another directory, then use that link to restore a file into that directory. To guard against this, tarsnap checks each extracted path for symlinks. If the final path element is a symlink, it will be removed and replaced with the archive entry. If -U is specified, any intermediate symlink will also be unconditionally removed. If neither -U nor -P is specified, tarsnap will refuse to extract the entry.

Although tarsnap cryptographically signs archives in such a manner that it is believed to be unfeasible for an attacker to forge an archive without having possession of key-file, you may wish to examine the contents of archive(s) with
    tarsnap -t --keyfile key-file -f archive-name
before extraction. Note that the -P option to tarsnap disables the security checks above and allows you to extract an archive while preserving any absolute pathnames,.. components, or symlinks to other directories.

SEE ALSO
tarsnap-keygen(1), tarsnap.conf(5), tar(5)

HISTORY
A tar command appeared in Seventh Edition Unix, which was released in January, 1979. There have been numerous other implementations, many of which extended the file format. John Gilmore's pdtar public-domain implementation (circa November, 1987) was quite influential, and formed the basis of GNU tar. GNU tar was included as the standard system tar in FreeBSD beginning with FreeBSD 1.0, but was replaced by Tim Kientzle's bsdtar utility and libarchive(3) library in FreeBSD 5.3.

tarsnap is built around bsdtar and libarchive(3).

BUGS
This program follows p1003.1-96 for the definition of the -l option to tar(5). Note that GNU tar prior to version 1.15 treated -l as a synonym for the --one-file-system option.

To archive a file called @foo, @@foo, or -foo you must specify it as ./@foo, ./@@foo, or ./-foo, respectively.

In create mode, a leading./ is always removed. A leading / is stripped unless the -P option is specified.

Hard link information may be lost if an archive file which is included via the @archive-file option is in a non-"tar" format. (This is a consequence of the incompatible ways that different archive formats store hardlink information.)

There are alternative long options for many of the short options that are deliberately not documented.

The limit specified by a --maxbw option is not strictly enforced; in particular, due to the need to cleanly terminate an archive, the amount of bandwidth used may slightly exceed the limit.

If tarsnap is run with standard input, standard output, and standard error redirected and inside a chroot where terminal devices are not exposed, ^Q will not be mapped to SIGQUIT and will consequently not trigger the truncation of the current archive.