# Copyright (C) 2005-2018 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
# <see AUTHORS file>
#
# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php

"""

.. dialect:: oracle+cx_oracle
    :name: cx-Oracle
    :dbapi: cx_oracle
    :connectstring: oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname\
[?key=value&key=value...]
    :url: http://cx-oracle.sourceforge.net/

Additional Connect Arguments
----------------------------

When connecting with ``dbname`` present, the host, port, and dbname tokens are
converted to a TNS name using
the cx_oracle ``makedsn()`` function.  Otherwise, the host token is taken
directly as a TNS name.

Additional arguments which may be specified either as query string arguments
on the URL, or as keyword arguments to :func:`.create_engine()` are:

* ``arraysize`` - set the cx_oracle.arraysize value on cursors, defaulted
  to 50.  This setting is significant with cx_Oracle as the contents of LOB
  objects are only readable within a "live" row (e.g. within a batch of
  50 rows).

* ``auto_convert_lobs`` - defaults to True; See :ref:`cx_oracle_lob`.

* ``coerce_to_unicode`` - see :ref:`cx_oracle_unicode` for detail.

* ``coerce_to_decimal`` - see :ref:`cx_oracle_numeric` for detail.

* ``mode`` - This is given the string value of SYSDBA or SYSOPER, or
  alternatively an integer value.  This value is only available as a URL query
  string argument.

* ``threaded`` - enable multithreaded access to cx_oracle connections.
  Defaults to ``True``.  Note that this is the opposite default of the
  cx_Oracle DBAPI itself.

* ``service_name`` - An option to use connection string (DSN) with
  ``SERVICE_NAME`` instead of ``SID``. It can't be passed when a ``database``
  part is given.
  E.g. ``oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@host:1521/?service_name=hr``
  is a valid url. This value is only available as a URL query string argument.

  .. versionadded:: 1.0.0

.. _cx_oracle_unicode:

Unicode
-------

The cx_Oracle DBAPI as of version 5 fully supports unicode, and has the
ability to return string results as Python unicode objects natively.

When used in Python 3, cx_Oracle returns all strings as Python unicode objects
(that is, plain ``str`` in Python 3).  In Python 2, it will return as Python
unicode those column values that are of type ``NVARCHAR`` or ``NCLOB``.  For
column values that are of type ``VARCHAR`` or other non-unicode string types,
it will return values as Python strings (e.g. bytestrings).

The cx_Oracle SQLAlchemy dialect presents several different options for the use
case of receiving ``VARCHAR`` column values as Python unicode objects under
Python 2:

* When using Core expression objects as well as the ORM, SQLAlchemy's
  unicode-decoding services are available, which are established by
  using either the :class:`.Unicode` datatype or by using the
  :class:`.String` datatype with :paramref:`.String.convert_unicode` set
  to True.

* When using raw SQL strings, typing behavior can be added for unicode
  conversion using the :func:`.text` construct::

    from sqlalchemy import text, Unicode
    result = conn.execute(
        text("select username from user").columns(username=Unicode))

* Otherwise, when using raw SQL strings sent directly to an ``.execute()``
  method without any Core typing behavior added, the flag
  ``coerce_to_unicode=True`` flag can be passed to :func:`.create_engine`
  which will add an unconditional unicode processor to cx_Oracle for all
  string values::

    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://dsn", coerce_to_unicode=True)

  The above approach will add significant latency to result-set fetches
  of plain string values.

Sending String Values as Unicode or Non-Unicode
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

As of SQLAlchemy 1.2.2, the cx_Oracle dialect unconditionally calls
``setinputsizes()`` for bound values that are passed as Python unicode objects.
In Python 3, all string values are Unicode; for cx_Oracle, this corresponds to
``cx_Oracle.NCHAR`` being passed to ``setinputsizes()`` for that parameter.
In some edge cases, such as passing format specifiers for
the ``trunc()`` function, Oracle does not accept these as NCHAR::

    from sqlalchemy import func

    conn.execute(
        func.trunc(func.sysdate(), 'dd')
    )

In these cases, an error as follows may be raised::

    ORA-01899: bad precision specifier

When this error is encountered, it may be necessary to pass the string value
with an explicit non-unicode type::

    from sqlalchemy import func
    from sqlalchemy import literal
    from sqlalchemy import String

    conn.execute(
        func.trunc(func.sysdate(), literal('dd', String))
    )

For full control over this ``setinputsizes()`` behavior, see the section
:ref:`cx_oracle_setinputsizes`

.. _cx_oracle_setinputsizes:

Fine grained control over cx_Oracle data binding and performance with setinputsizes
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The cx_Oracle DBAPI has a deep and fundamental reliance upon the usage of the
DBAPI ``setinputsizes()`` call.   The purpose of this call is to establish the
datatypes that are bound to a SQL statement for Python values being passed as
parameters.  While virtually no other DBAPI assigns any use to the
``setinputsizes()`` call, the cx_Oracle DBAPI relies upon it heavily in its
interactions with the Oracle client interface, and in some scenarios it is  not
possible for SQLAlchemy to know exactly how data should be bound, as some
settings can cause profoundly different performance characteristics, while
altering the type coercion behavior at the same time.

Users of the cx_Oracle dialect are **strongly encouraged** to read through
cx_Oracle's list of built-in datatype symbols at http://cx-oracle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/module.html#types.
Note that in some cases, signficant performance degradation can occur when using
these types vs. not, in particular when specifying ``cx_Oracle.CLOB``.

On the SQLAlchemy side, the :meth:`.DialectEvents.do_setinputsizes` event
can be used both for runtime visibliity (e.g. logging) of the setinputsizes
step as well as to fully control how ``setinputsizes()`` is used on a per-statement
basis.

.. versionadded:: 1.2.9 Added :meth:`.DialectEvents.setinputsizes`


Example 1 - logging all setinputsizes calls
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The following example illustrates how to log the intermediary values from
a SQLAlchemy perspective before they are converted to the raw ``setinputsizes()``
parameter dictionary.  The keys of the dictionary are :class:`.BindParameter`
objects which have a ``.key`` and a ``.type`` attribute::

    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event

    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@host/xe")

    @event.listens_for(engine, "do_setinputsizes")
    def _log_setinputsizes(inputsizes, cursor, statement, parameters, context):
        for bindparam, dbapitype in inputsizes.items():
                log.info(
                    "Bound parameter name: %s  SQLAlchemy type: %r  "
                    "DBAPI object: %s",
                    bindparam.key, bindparam.type, dbapitype)

Example 2 - remove all bindings to CLOB
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The ``CLOB`` datatype in cx_Oracle incurs a significant performance overhead,
however is set by default for the ``Text`` type within the SQLAlchemy 1.2
series.   This setting can be modified as follows::

    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event
    from cx_Oracle import CLOB

    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@host/xe")

    @event.listens_for(engine, "do_setinputsizes")
    def _remove_clob(inputsizes, cursor, statement, parameters, context):
        for bindparam, dbapitype in list(inputsizes.items()):
            if dbapitype is CLOB:
                del inputsizes[bindparam]


.. _cx_oracle_returning:

RETURNING Support
-----------------

The cx_Oracle dialect implements RETURNING using OUT parameters.
The dialect supports RETURNING fully, however cx_Oracle 6 is recommended
for complete support.

.. _cx_oracle_lob:

LOB Objects
-----------

cx_oracle returns oracle LOBs using the cx_oracle.LOB object.  SQLAlchemy
converts these to strings so that the interface of the Binary type is
consistent with that of other backends, which takes place within a cx_Oracle
outputtypehandler.

cx_Oracle prior to version 6 would require that LOB objects be read before
a new batch of rows would be read, as determined by the ``cursor.arraysize``.
As of the 6 series, this limitation has been lifted.  Nevertheless, because
SQLAlchemy pre-reads these LOBs up front, this issue is avoided in any case.

To disable the auto "read()" feature of the dialect, the flag
``auto_convert_lobs=False`` may be passed to :func:`.create_engine`.  Under
the cx_Oracle 5 series, having this flag turned off means there is the chance
of reading from a stale LOB object if not read as it is fetched.   With
cx_Oracle 6, this issue is resolved.

.. versionchanged:: 1.2  the LOB handling system has been greatly simplified
   internally to make use of outputtypehandlers, and no longer makes use
   of alternate "buffered" result set objects.

Two Phase Transactions Not Supported
-------------------------------------

Two phase transactions are **not supported** under cx_Oracle due to poor
driver support.   As of cx_Oracle 6.0b1, the interface for
two phase transactions has been changed to be more of a direct pass-through
to the underlying OCI layer with less automation.  The additional logic
to support this system is not implemented in SQLAlchemy.

.. _cx_oracle_numeric:

Precision Numerics
------------------

SQLAlchemy's numeric types can handle receiving and returning values as Python
``Decimal`` objects or float objects.  When a :class:`.Numeric` object, or a
subclass such as :class:`.Float`, :class:`.oracle.DOUBLE_PRECISION` etc. is in
use, the :paramref:`.Numeric.asdecimal` flag determines if values should be
coerced to ``Decimal`` upon return, or returned as float objects.   To make
matters more complicated under Oracle, Oracle's ``NUMBER`` type can also
represent integer values if the "scale" is zero, so the Oracle-specific
:class:`.oracle.NUMBER` type takes this into account as well.

The cx_Oracle dialect makes extensive use of connection- and cursor-level
"outputtypehandler" callables in order to coerce numeric values as requested.
These callables are specific to the specific flavor of :class:`.Numeric` in
use, as well as if no SQLAlchemy typing objects are present.   There are
observed scenarios where Oracle may sends incomplete or ambiguous information
about the numeric types being returned, such as a query where the numeric types
are buried under multiple levels of subquery.  The type handlers do their best
to make the right decision in all cases, deferring to the underlying cx_Oracle
DBAPI for all those cases where the driver can make the best decision.

When no typing objects are present, as when executing plain SQL strings, a
default "outputtypehandler" is present which will generally return numeric
values which specify precision and scale as Python ``Decimal`` objects.  To
disable this coercion to decimal for performance reasons, pass the flag
``coerce_to_decimal=False`` to :func:`.create_engine`::

    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://dsn", coerce_to_decimal=False)

The ``coerce_to_decimal`` flag only impacts the results of plain string
SQL staements that are not otherwise associated with a :class:`.Numeric`
SQLAlchemy type (or a subclass of such).

.. versionchanged:: 1.2  The numeric handling system for cx_Oracle has been
   reworked to take advantage of newer cx_Oracle features as well
   as better integration of outputtypehandlers.

"""

from __future__ import absolute_import

from .base import OracleCompiler, OracleDialect, OracleExecutionContext
from . import base as oracle
from ...engine import result as _result
from sqlalchemy import types as sqltypes, util, exc, processors
import random
import collections
import decimal
import re
import time


class _OracleInteger(sqltypes.Integer):
    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
        # see https://github.com/oracle/python-cx_Oracle/issues/208#issuecomment-409715955
        return int

    def _cx_oracle_var(self, dialect, cursor):
        cx_Oracle = dialect.dbapi
        return cursor.var(
            cx_Oracle.STRING,
            255,
            arraysize=cursor.arraysize,
            outconverter=int
        )

    def _cx_oracle_outputtypehandler(self, dialect):
        def handler(cursor, name,
                    default_type, size, precision, scale):
            return self._cx_oracle_var(dialect, cursor)
        return handler


class _OracleNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
    is_number = False

    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
        if self.scale == 0:
            return None
        elif self.asdecimal:
            processor = processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
                decimal.Decimal, self._effective_decimal_return_scale)

            def process(value):
                if isinstance(value, (int, float)):
                    return processor(value)
                elif value is not None and value.is_infinite():
                    return float(value)
                else:
                    return value
            return process
        else:
            return processors.to_float

    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
        return None

    def _cx_oracle_outputtypehandler(self, dialect):
        cx_Oracle = dialect.dbapi

        is_cx_oracle_6 = dialect._is_cx_oracle_6
        has_native_int = dialect._has_native_int

        def handler(cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale):
            outconverter = None
            if precision:
                if self.asdecimal:
                    if default_type == cx_Oracle.NATIVE_FLOAT:
                        # receiving float and doing Decimal after the fact
                        # allows for float("inf") to be handled
                        type_ = default_type
                        outconverter = decimal.Decimal
                    elif is_cx_oracle_6:
                        type_ = decimal.Decimal
                    else:
                        type_ = cx_Oracle.STRING
                        outconverter = dialect._to_decimal
                else:
                    if self.is_number and scale == 0:
                        if has_native_int:
                            type_ = cx_Oracle.NATIVE_INT
                        else:
                            type_ = cx_Oracle.NUMBER
                            outconverter = int
                    else:
                        type_ = cx_Oracle.NATIVE_FLOAT
            else:
                if self.asdecimal:
                    if default_type == cx_Oracle.NATIVE_FLOAT:
                        type_ = default_type
                        outconverter = decimal.Decimal
                    elif is_cx_oracle_6:
                        type_ = decimal.Decimal
                    else:
                        type_ = cx_Oracle.STRING
                        outconverter = dialect._to_decimal
                else:
                    if self.is_number and scale == 0:
                        if has_native_int:
                            type_ = cx_Oracle.NATIVE_INT
                        else:
                            type_ = cx_Oracle.NUMBER
                            outconverter = int
                    else:
                        type_ = cx_Oracle.NATIVE_FLOAT

            return cursor.var(
                type_, 255,
                arraysize=cursor.arraysize,
                outconverter=outconverter
            )

        return handler


class _OracleBinaryFloat(_OracleNumeric):
    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
        return dbapi.NATIVE_FLOAT


class _OracleBINARY_FLOAT(_OracleBinaryFloat, oracle.BINARY_FLOAT):
    pass


class _OracleBINARY_DOUBLE(_OracleBinaryFloat, oracle.BINARY_DOUBLE):
    pass


class _OracleNUMBER(_OracleNumeric):
    is_number = True


class _OracleDate(sqltypes.Date):
    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
        return None

    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
        def process(value):
            if value is not None:
                return value.date()
            else:
                return value
        return process


class _OracleChar(sqltypes.CHAR):
    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
        return dbapi.FIXED_CHAR


class _OracleNVarChar(sqltypes.NVARCHAR):
    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
        return dbapi.NCHAR


class _OracleText(sqltypes.Text):
    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
        return dbapi.CLOB


class _OracleLong(oracle.LONG):
    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
        return dbapi.LONG_STRING


class _OracleString(sqltypes.String):
    pass


class _OracleEnum(sqltypes.Enum):
    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
        enum_proc = sqltypes.Enum.bind_processor(self, dialect)

        def process(value):
            raw_str = enum_proc(value)
            return raw_str
        return process


class _OracleUnicodeText(sqltypes.UnicodeText):
    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
        return dbapi.NCLOB


class _OracleBinary(sqltypes.LargeBinary):
    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
        return dbapi.BLOB

    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
        return None

    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
        if not dialect.auto_convert_lobs:
            return None
        else:
            return super(_OracleBinary, self).result_processor(
                dialect, coltype)


class _OracleInterval(oracle.INTERVAL):
    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
        return dbapi.INTERVAL


class _OracleRaw(oracle.RAW):
    pass


class _OracleRowid(oracle.ROWID):
    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
        return dbapi.ROWID


class OracleCompiler_cx_oracle(OracleCompiler):
    _oracle_cx_sql_compiler = True

    def bindparam_string(self, name, **kw):
        quote = getattr(name, 'quote', None)
        if quote is True or quote is not False and \
                self.preparer._bindparam_requires_quotes(name):
            if kw.get('expanding', False):
                raise exc.CompileError(
                    "Can't use expanding feature with parameter name "
                    "%r on Oracle; it requires quoting which is not supported "
                    "in this context." % name)
            quoted_name = '"%s"' % name
            self._quoted_bind_names[name] = quoted_name
            return OracleCompiler.bindparam_string(self, quoted_name, **kw)
        else:
            return OracleCompiler.bindparam_string(self, name, **kw)


class OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle(OracleExecutionContext):
    out_parameters = None

    def _setup_quoted_bind_names(self):
        quoted_bind_names = self.compiled._quoted_bind_names
        if quoted_bind_names:
            for param in self.parameters:
                for fromname, toname in quoted_bind_names.items():
                    param[toname] = param[fromname]
                    del param[fromname]

    def _handle_out_parameters(self):
        # if a single execute, check for outparams
        if len(self.compiled_parameters) == 1:
            quoted_bind_names = self.compiled._quoted_bind_names
            for bindparam in self.compiled.binds.values():
                if bindparam.isoutparam:
                    name = self.compiled.bind_names[bindparam]
                    type_impl = bindparam.type.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
                    if hasattr(type_impl, '_cx_oracle_var'):
                        self.out_parameters[name] = type_impl._cx_oracle_var(
                            self.dialect, self.cursor)
                    else:
                        dbtype = type_impl.get_dbapi_type(self.dialect.dbapi)
                        if dbtype is None:
                            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
                                "Cannot create out parameter for parameter "
                                "%r - its type %r is not supported by"
                                " cx_oracle" %
                                (bindparam.key, bindparam.type)
                            )
                        self.out_parameters[name] = self.cursor.var(dbtype)
                    self.parameters[0][quoted_bind_names.get(name, name)] = \
                        self.out_parameters[name]

    def _generate_cursor_outputtype_handler(self):
        output_handlers = {}

        for (keyname, name, objects, type_) in self.compiled._result_columns:
            handler = type_._cached_custom_processor(
                self.dialect,
                'cx_oracle_outputtypehandler',
                self._get_cx_oracle_type_handler)

            if handler:
                denormalized_name = self.dialect.denormalize_name(keyname)
                output_handlers[denormalized_name] = handler

        if output_handlers:
            default_handler = self._dbapi_connection.outputtypehandler

            def output_type_handler(cursor, name, default_type,
                                    size, precision, scale):
                if name in output_handlers:
                    return output_handlers[name](
                        cursor, name,
                        default_type, size, precision, scale)
                else:
                    return default_handler(
                        cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale
                    )
            self.cursor.outputtypehandler = output_type_handler

    def _get_cx_oracle_type_handler(self, impl):
        if hasattr(impl, "_cx_oracle_outputtypehandler"):
            return impl._cx_oracle_outputtypehandler(self.dialect)
        else:
            return None

    def pre_exec(self):
        if not getattr(self.compiled, "_oracle_cx_sql_compiler", False):
            return

        self.out_parameters = {}

        if self.compiled._quoted_bind_names:
            self._setup_quoted_bind_names()

        self.set_input_sizes(
            self.compiled._quoted_bind_names,
            include_types=self.dialect._include_setinputsizes
        )

        self._handle_out_parameters()

        self._generate_cursor_outputtype_handler()

    def create_cursor(self):
        c = self._dbapi_connection.cursor()
        if self.dialect.arraysize:
            c.arraysize = self.dialect.arraysize

        return c

    def get_result_proxy(self):
        if self.out_parameters and self.compiled.returning:
            returning_params = [
                self.dialect._returningval(
                    self.out_parameters["ret_%d" % i]
                )
                for i in range(len(self.out_parameters))
            ]
            return ReturningResultProxy(self, returning_params)

        result = _result.ResultProxy(self)

        if self.out_parameters:
            if self.compiled_parameters is not None and \
                    len(self.compiled_parameters) == 1:
                result.out_parameters = out_parameters = {}

                for bind, name in self.compiled.bind_names.items():
                    if name in self.out_parameters:
                        type = bind.type
                        impl_type = type.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
                        dbapi_type = impl_type.get_dbapi_type(
                            self.dialect.dbapi)
                        result_processor = impl_type.\
                            result_processor(self.dialect,
                                             dbapi_type)
                        if result_processor is not None:
                            out_parameters[name] = \
                                result_processor(
                                    self.dialect._paramval(
                                        self.out_parameters[name]
                                    ))
                        else:
                            out_parameters[name] = self.dialect._paramval(
                                self.out_parameters[name])
            else:
                result.out_parameters = dict(
                                            (k, self._dialect._paramval(v))
                    for k, v in self.out_parameters.items()
                )

        return result


class ReturningResultProxy(_result.FullyBufferedResultProxy):
    """Result proxy which stuffs the _returning clause + outparams
    into the fetch."""

    def __init__(self, context, returning_params):
        self._returning_params = returning_params
        super(ReturningResultProxy, self).__init__(context)

    def _cursor_description(self):
        returning = self.context.compiled.returning
        return [
            (getattr(col, 'name', col.anon_label), None)
            for col in returning
        ]

    def _buffer_rows(self):
        return collections.deque(
            [tuple(self._returning_params)]
        )


class OracleDialect_cx_oracle(OracleDialect):
    execution_ctx_cls = OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle
    statement_compiler = OracleCompiler_cx_oracle

    supports_sane_rowcount = True
    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True

    supports_unicode_statements = True
    supports_unicode_binds = True

    driver = "cx_oracle"

    colspecs = {
        sqltypes.Numeric: _OracleNumeric,
        sqltypes.Float: _OracleNumeric,
        oracle.BINARY_FLOAT: _OracleBINARY_FLOAT,
        oracle.BINARY_DOUBLE: _OracleBINARY_DOUBLE,
        sqltypes.Integer: _OracleInteger,
        oracle.NUMBER: _OracleNUMBER,

        sqltypes.Date: _OracleDate,
        sqltypes.LargeBinary: _OracleBinary,
        sqltypes.Boolean: oracle._OracleBoolean,
        sqltypes.Interval: _OracleInterval,
        oracle.INTERVAL: _OracleInterval,
        sqltypes.Text: _OracleText,
        sqltypes.String: _OracleString,
        sqltypes.UnicodeText: _OracleUnicodeText,
        sqltypes.CHAR: _OracleChar,
        sqltypes.Enum: _OracleEnum,

        oracle.LONG: _OracleLong,
        oracle.RAW: _OracleRaw,
        sqltypes.Unicode: _OracleNVarChar,
        sqltypes.NVARCHAR: _OracleNVarChar,
        oracle.ROWID: _OracleRowid,
    }

    execute_sequence_format = list

    def __init__(self,
                 auto_convert_lobs=True,
                 threaded=True,
                 coerce_to_unicode=False,
                 coerce_to_decimal=True,
                 arraysize=50,
                 **kwargs):

        self._pop_deprecated_kwargs(kwargs)

        OracleDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
        self.threaded = threaded
        self.arraysize = arraysize
        self.auto_convert_lobs = auto_convert_lobs
        self.coerce_to_unicode = coerce_to_unicode
        self.coerce_to_decimal = coerce_to_decimal

        cx_Oracle = self.dbapi

        if cx_Oracle is None:
            self._include_setinputsizes = {}
            self.cx_oracle_ver = (0, 0, 0)
        else:
            self.cx_oracle_ver = self._parse_cx_oracle_ver(cx_Oracle.version)
            if self.cx_oracle_ver < (5, 2) and self.cx_oracle_ver > (0, 0, 0):
                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
                    "cx_Oracle version 5.2 and above are supported")

            self._has_native_int = hasattr(cx_Oracle, "NATIVE_INT")

            self._include_setinputsizes = {
                cx_Oracle.NCLOB, cx_Oracle.CLOB, cx_Oracle.LOB,
                cx_Oracle.NCHAR, cx_Oracle.FIXED_NCHAR,
                cx_Oracle.BLOB, cx_Oracle.FIXED_CHAR, cx_Oracle.TIMESTAMP,
                _OracleInteger, _OracleBINARY_FLOAT, _OracleBINARY_DOUBLE
            }

            self._paramval = lambda value: value.getvalue()

            # https://github.com/oracle/python-cx_Oracle/issues/176#issuecomment-386821291
            # https://github.com/oracle/python-cx_Oracle/issues/224
            self._values_are_lists = self.cx_oracle_ver >= (6, 3)
            if self._values_are_lists:
                cx_Oracle.__future__.dml_ret_array_val = True

                def _returningval(value):
                    try:
                        return value.values[0][0]
                    except IndexError:
                        return None

                self._returningval = _returningval
            else:
                self._returningval = self._paramval

        self._is_cx_oracle_6 = self.cx_oracle_ver >= (6, )

    def _pop_deprecated_kwargs(self, kwargs):
        auto_setinputsizes = kwargs.pop('auto_setinputsizes', None)
        exclude_setinputsizes = kwargs.pop('exclude_setinputsizes', None)
        if auto_setinputsizes or exclude_setinputsizes:
            util.warn_deprecated(
                "auto_setinputsizes and exclude_setinputsizes are deprecated. "
                "Modern cx_Oracle only requires that LOB types are part "
                "of this behavior, and these parameters no longer have any "
                "effect.")
        allow_twophase = kwargs.pop('allow_twophase', None)
        if allow_twophase is not None:
            util.warn.deprecated(
                "allow_twophase is deprecated.  The cx_Oracle dialect no "
                "longer supports two-phase transaction mode."
            )

    def _parse_cx_oracle_ver(self, version):
        m = re.match(r'(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?', version)
        if m:
            return tuple(
                int(x)
                for x in m.group(1, 2, 3)
                if x is not None)
        else:
            return (0, 0, 0)

    @classmethod
    def dbapi(cls):
        import cx_Oracle
        return cx_Oracle

    def initialize(self, connection):
        super(OracleDialect_cx_oracle, self).initialize(connection)
        if self._is_oracle_8:
            self.supports_unicode_binds = False

        self._detect_decimal_char(connection)

    def _detect_decimal_char(self, connection):
        # we have the option to change this setting upon connect,
        # or just look at what it is upon connect and convert.
        # to minimize the chance of interference with changes to
        # NLS_TERRITORY or formatting behavior of the DB, we opt
        # to just look at it

        self._decimal_char = connection.scalar(
            "select value from nls_session_parameters "
            "where parameter = 'NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS'")[0]
        if self._decimal_char != '.':
            _detect_decimal = self._detect_decimal
            _to_decimal = self._to_decimal

            self._detect_decimal = lambda value: _detect_decimal(
                value.replace(self._decimal_char, "."))
            self._to_decimal = lambda value: _to_decimal(
                value.replace(self._decimal_char, "."))

    def _detect_decimal(self, value):
        if "." in value:
            return self._to_decimal(value)
        else:
            return int(value)

    _to_decimal = decimal.Decimal

    def _generate_connection_outputtype_handler(self):
        """establish the default outputtypehandler established at the
        connection level.

        """

        dialect = self
        cx_Oracle = dialect.dbapi

        number_handler = _OracleNUMBER(asdecimal=True).\
            _cx_oracle_outputtypehandler(dialect)
        float_handler = _OracleNUMBER(asdecimal=False).\
            _cx_oracle_outputtypehandler(dialect)

        def output_type_handler(cursor, name, default_type,
                                size, precision, scale):
            if default_type == cx_Oracle.NUMBER:
                if not dialect.coerce_to_decimal:
                    return None
                elif precision == 0 and scale in (0, -127):
                    # ambiguous type, this occurs when selecting
                    # numbers from deep subqueries
                    return cursor.var(
                        cx_Oracle.STRING,
                        255,
                        outconverter=dialect._detect_decimal,
                        arraysize=cursor.arraysize)
                elif precision and scale > 0:
                    return number_handler(
                        cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale
                    )
                else:
                    return float_handler(
                        cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale
                    )

            # allow all strings to come back natively as Unicode
            elif dialect.coerce_to_unicode and \
                    default_type in (cx_Oracle.STRING, cx_Oracle.FIXED_CHAR):
                return cursor.var(
                    util.text_type, size, cursor.arraysize
                )
            elif dialect.auto_convert_lobs and default_type in (
                    cx_Oracle.CLOB, cx_Oracle.NCLOB, cx_Oracle.BLOB
            ):
                return cursor.var(
                    default_type, size, cursor.arraysize,
                    outconverter=lambda value: value.read()
                )
        return output_type_handler

    def on_connect(self):

        output_type_handler = self._generate_connection_outputtype_handler()

        def on_connect(conn):
            conn.outputtypehandler = output_type_handler

        return on_connect

    def create_connect_args(self, url):
        dialect_opts = dict(url.query)

        for opt in ('use_ansi', 'auto_setinputsizes', 'auto_convert_lobs',
                    'threaded', 'allow_twophase'):
            if opt in dialect_opts:
                util.coerce_kw_type(dialect_opts, opt, bool)
                setattr(self, opt, dialect_opts[opt])

        database = url.database
        service_name = dialect_opts.get('service_name', None)
        if database or service_name:
            # if we have a database, then we have a remote host
            port = url.port
            if port:
                port = int(port)
            else:
                port = 1521

            if database and service_name:
                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
                    '"service_name" option shouldn\'t '
                    'be used with a "database" part of the url')
            if database:
                makedsn_kwargs = {'sid': database}
            if service_name:
                makedsn_kwargs = {'service_name': service_name}

            dsn = self.dbapi.makedsn(url.host, port, **makedsn_kwargs)
        else:
            # we have a local tnsname
            dsn = url.host

        opts = dict(
            threaded=self.threaded,
        )

        if dsn is not None:
            opts['dsn'] = dsn
        if url.password is not None:
            opts['password'] = url.password
        if url.username is not None:
            opts['user'] = url.username

        if 'mode' in url.query:
            opts['mode'] = url.query['mode']
            if isinstance(opts['mode'], util.string_types):
                mode = opts['mode'].upper()
                if mode == 'SYSDBA':
                    opts['mode'] = self.dbapi.SYSDBA
                elif mode == 'SYSOPER':
                    opts['mode'] = self.dbapi.SYSOPER
                else:
                    util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'mode', int)
        return ([], opts)

    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
        return tuple(
            int(x)
            for x in connection.connection.version.split('.')
        )

    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
        error, = e.args
        if isinstance(
                e,
                (self.dbapi.InterfaceError, self.dbapi.DatabaseError)
        ) and "not connected" in str(e):
            return True

        if hasattr(error, 'code'):
            # ORA-00028: your session has been killed
            # ORA-03114: not connected to ORACLE
            # ORA-03113: end-of-file on communication channel
            # ORA-03135: connection lost contact
            # ORA-01033: ORACLE initialization or shutdown in progress
            # ORA-02396: exceeded maximum idle time, please connect again
            # TODO: Others ?
            return error.code in (28, 3114, 3113, 3135, 1033, 2396)
        else:
            return False

    def create_xid(self):
        """create a two-phase transaction ID.

        this id will be passed to do_begin_twophase(), do_rollback_twophase(),
        do_commit_twophase().  its format is unspecified.

        .. deprecated:: two-phase transaction support is no longer functional
           in SQLAlchemy's cx_Oracle dialect as of cx_Oracle 6.0b1

        """

        id = random.randint(0, 2 ** 128)
        return (0x1234, "%032x" % id, "%032x" % 9)

    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
        if isinstance(parameters, tuple):
            parameters = list(parameters)
        cursor.executemany(statement, parameters)

    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
        connection.connection.begin(*xid)

    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
        result = connection.connection.prepare()
        connection.info['cx_oracle_prepared'] = result

    def do_rollback_twophase(self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True,
                             recover=False):
        self.do_rollback(connection.connection)

    def do_commit_twophase(self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True,
                           recover=False):
        if not is_prepared:
            self.do_commit(connection.connection)
        else:
            oci_prepared = connection.info['cx_oracle_prepared']
            if oci_prepared:
                self.do_commit(connection.connection)

    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
        connection.info.pop('cx_oracle_prepared', None)

dialect = OracleDialect_cx_oracle
