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Isolation
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## Isolation

Isolation guarantees are an important aspect of transactional protection. Transactions ensure the data your transaction is working with will not be changed by some other transaction. Moreover, the modifications made by a transaction will never be viewable outside of that transaction until the changes have been committed.

That said, there are different degrees of isolation, and you can choose to relax your isolation guarantees to one degree or another depending on your application's requirements. The primary reason why you might want to do this is because of performance; the more isolation you ask your transactions to provide, the more locking that your application must do. With more locking comes a greater chance of blocking, which in turn causes your threads to pause while waiting for a lock. Therefore, by relaxing your isolation guarantees, you can potentially improve your application's throughput. Whether you actually see any improvement depends, of course, on the nature of your application's data and transactions.

### Supported Degrees of Isolation

JE supports the following levels of isolation:

Degree | ANSI Term | Definition
--- | --- | ---
1 | READ UNCOMMITTED | Uncommitted reads means that one transaction will never overwrite another transaction's dirty data. Dirty data is data that a transaction has modified but not yet committed to the underlying data store. However, uncommitted reads allows a transaction to see data dirtied by another transaction. In addition, a transaction may read data dirtied by another transaction, but which subsequently is aborted by that other transaction. In this latter case, the reading transaction may be reading data that never really existed in the database.
2 | READ COMMITTED | Committed read isolation means that degree 1 is observed, except that dirty data is never read. In addition, this isolation level guarantees that data will never change so long as it is addressed by the cursor, but the data may change before the reading cursor is closed. In the case of a transaction, data at the current cursor position will not change, but once the cursor moves, the previous referenced data can change. This means that readers release read locks before the cursor is closed, and therefore, before the transaction completes. Note that this level of isolation causes the cursor to operate in exactly the same way as it does in the absence of a transaction.
(undefined) | REPEATABLE READ | Committed read is observed, plus the data read by a transaction, T, will never be dirtied by another transaction before T completes. This means that both read and write locks are not released until the transaction completes. This is JE's default isolation level.
3 | SERIALIZABLE | Committed read is observed, plus no transactions will see phantoms. Phantoms are records returned as a result of a search, but which were not seen by the same transaction when the identical search criteria was previously used.

By default, JE transactions and transactional cursors offer repeatable read isolation. You can optionally reduce your isolation level by configuring JE to use uncommitted read isolation. See Reading Uncommitted Data for more information. You can also configure JE to use committed read isolation. See Committed Reads for more information. Finally, you can configure your transactions and transactional cursors to use serializable isolation. See Configuring Serializable Isolation for more information.

### Reading Uncommitted Data

Berkeley DB allows you to configure your application to read data that has been modified but not yet committed by another transaction; that is, dirty data. When you do this, you may see a performance benefit by allowing your application to not have to block waiting for write locks. On the other hand, the data that your application is reading may change before the transaction has completed.

When used with transactions, uncommitted reads means that one transaction can see data modified but not yet committed by another transaction. When used with transactional cursors, uncommitted reads means that any database reader can see data modified by the cursor before the cursor's transaction has committed.

Because of this, uncommitted reads allow a transaction to read data that may subsequently be aborted by another transaction. In this case, the reading transaction will have read data that never really existed in the database.

To configure your application to read uncommitted data, specify that you want to use uncommitted reads when you create a transaction or open the cursor. To do this, you use the `setReadUncommitted()` method on the relevant configuration object (`TransactionConfig` or `CursorConfig`).

For example:

    package je.txn;

    import com.sleepycat.je.Database;
    import com.sleepycat.je.DatabaseConfig;
    import com.sleepycat.je.DatabaseEntry;
    import com.sleepycat.je.DatabaseException;
    import com.sleepycat.je.Environment;
    import com.sleepycat.je.EnvironmentConfig;
    import com.sleepycat.je.Transaction;
    import com.sleepycat.je.TransactionConfig;

    import java.io.File;

    ...

    Database myDatabase = null;
    Environment myEnv = null;
    try {
        EnvironmentConfig myEnvConfig = new EnvironmentConfig();
        myEnvConfig.setTransactional(true);

        myEnv = new Environment(new File("/my/env/home"),
                                  myEnvConfig);

        // Open the database.
        DatabaseConfig dbConfig = new DatabaseConfig();
        dbConfig.setTransactional(true);
        myDatabase = myEnv.openDatabase(null, "sampleDatabase", dbConfig);

        TransactionConfig txnConfig = new TransactionConfig();
        txnConfig.setReadUncommitted(true);          // Use uncommitted reads
                                                     // for this transaction.
        Transaction txn = myEnv.beginTransaction(null, txnConfig);

        // From here, you perform your database reads and writes as normal,
        // committing and aborting the transactions as is necessary, and
        // testing for deadlock exceptions as normal (omitted for brevity).

        ...

If you are using the DPL:

    package persist.txn;

    import com.sleepycat.je.DatabaseConfig;
    import com.sleepycat.je.DatabaseEntry;
    import com.sleepycat.je.DatabaseException;
    import com.sleepycat.je.Environment;
    import com.sleepycat.je.EnvironmentConfig;
    import com.sleepycat.je.Transaction;
    import com.sleepycat.je.TransactionConfig;

    import com.sleepycat.persist.EntityStore;
    import com.sleepycat.persist.StoreConfig;

    import java.io.File;

    ...

     myDatabase = null;
    Environment myEnv = null;
    try {
        EnvironmentConfig myEnvConfig = new EnvironmentConfig();
        myEnvConfig.setTransactional(true);

        myEnv = new Environment(new File("/my/env/home"),
                                  myEnvConfig);

        // Open the store.
        StoreConfig myStoreConfig = new StoreConfig();
        myStoreConfig.setAllowCreate(true);
        myStoreConfig.setTransactional(true);

        myStore = new EntityStore(myEnv, "store_name", myStoreConfig);

        TransactionConfig txnConfig = new TransactionConfig();
        txnConfig.setReadUncommitted(true);          // Use uncommitted reads
                                                     // for this transaction.
        Transaction txn = myEnv.beginTransaction(null, txnConfig);

        // From here, you perform your store reads and writes as normal,
        // committing and aborting the transactions as is necessary, and
        // testing for deadlock exceptions as normal (omitted for brevity).

        ...

You can also configure uncommitted read isolation on a read-by-read basis by specifying `LockMode.READ_UNCOMMITTED`:

    package je.txn;

    import com.sleepycat.je.Database;
    import com.sleepycat.je.DatabaseEntry;
    import com.sleepycat.je.Environment;
    import com.sleepycat.je.LockMode;
    import com.sleepycat.je.Transaction;

    ...

    Database myDb = null;
    Environment myEnv = null;
    Transaction txn = null;

    try {

        // Environment and database open omitted

        ...

        txn = myEnv.beginTransaction(null, null);

        DatabaseEntry theKey =
            new DatabaseEntry((new String("theKey")).getBytes("UTF-8"));
        DatabaseEntry theData = new DatabaseEntry();

        myDb.get(txn, theKey, theData, LockMode.READ_UNCOMMITTED);
    } catch (Exception e) {
        // Exception handling goes here
    }

Using the DPL:

    package persist.txn;

    import com.sleepycat.je.Environment;
    import com.sleepycat.je.LockMode;
    import com.sleepycat.je.Transaction;

    import com.sleepycat.persist.PrimaryIndex;

    ...

    Environment myEnv = null;
    Transaction txn = null;

    try {

        // Environment and store open omitted

        ...

        txn = myEnv.beginTransaction(null, null);

        AnEntityClass aec = aPrimaryIndex.get(txn, "pKeya",
                                LockMode.READ_UNCOMMITTED);
    } catch (Exception e) {
        // Exception handling goes here
    }

### Committed Reads

You can configure your transaction so that the data being read by a transactional cursor is consistent so long as it is being addressed by the cursor. However, once the cursor is done reading the record or object, the cursor releases its lock on that record or object. This means that the data the cursor has read and released may change before the cursor's transaction has completed.

For example, suppose you have two transactions, `Ta` and `Tb`. Suppose further that `Ta` has a cursor that reads `record R`, but does not modify it. Normally, `Tb` would then be unable to write `record R` because `Ta` would be holding a read lock on it. But when you configure your transaction for committed reads, `Tb` can modify `record R` before `Ta` completes, so long as the reading cursor is no longer addressing the record or object.

When you configure your application for this level of isolation, you may see better performance throughput because there are fewer read locks being held by your transactions. Read committed isolation is most useful when you have a cursor that is reading and/or writing records in a single direction, and that does not ever have to go back to re-read those same records. In this case, you can allow JE to release read locks as it goes, rather than hold them for the life of the transaction.

To configure your application to use committed reads, do one of the following:

- Create your transaction such that it allows committed reads. You do this by specifying `true` to `TransactionConfig.setReadCommitted()`.

- Specify `true` to `CursorConfig.setReadCommitted()`.

For example, the following creates a transaction that allows committed reads:

    package je.txn;

    import com.sleepycat.je.Database;
    import com.sleepycat.je.DatabaseConfig;
    import com.sleepycat.je.DatabaseEntry;
    import com.sleepycat.je.DatabaseException;
    import com.sleepycat.je.Environment;
    import com.sleepycat.je.EnvironmentConfig;
    import com.sleepycat.je.Transaction;
    import com.sleepycat.je.TransactionConfig;

    import java.io.File;

    ...

    Database myDatabase = null;
    Environment myEnv = null;
    try {
        EnvironmentConfig myEnvConfig = new EnvironmentConfig();
        myEnvConfig.setTransactional(true);

        myEnv = new Environment(new File("/my/env/home"),
                                  myEnvConfig);

        // Open the database.
        DatabaseConfig dbConfig = new DatabaseConfig();
        dbConfig.setTransactional(true);
        myDatabase = myEnv.openDatabase(null, "sampleDatabase", dbConfig);

        // Open the transaction and enable committed reads. All cursors open
        // with this transaction handle will use read committed isolation.
        TransactionConfig txnConfig = new TransactionConfig();
        txnConfig.setReadCommitted(true);          // Use committed reads
                                                   // for this transaction.
        Transaction txn = myEnv.beginTransaction(null, txnConfig);

        // From here, you perform your database reads and writes as normal,
        // committing and aborting the transactions as is necessary, and
        // testing for deadlock exceptions as normal (omitted for brevity).

        ...

Using the DPL:

    package persist.txn;

    import com.sleepycat.je.Environment;
    import com.sleepycat.je.EnvironmentConfig;
    import com.sleepycat.je.Transaction;
    import com.sleepycat.je.TransactionConfig;

    import com.sleepycat.persist.EntityStore;
    import com.sleepycat.persist.StoreConfig;

    import java.io.File;

    ...

    EntityStore myStore = null;
    Environment myEnv = null;
    try {
        EnvironmentConfig myEnvConfig = new EnvironmentConfig();
        myEnvConfig.setTransactional(true);

        myEnv = new Environment(new File("/my/env/home"),
                                  myEnvConfig);

        // Instantiate the store.
        StoreConfig myStoreConfig = new StoreConfig();
        myStoreConfig.setAllowCreate(true);
        myStoreConfig.setTransactional(true);

        // Open the transaction and enable committed reads. All cursors open
        // with this transaction handle will use read committed isolation.
        TransactionConfig txnConfig = new TransactionConfig();
        txnConfig.setReadCommitted(true);          // Use committed reads
                                                   // for this transaction.
        Transaction txn = myEnv.beginTransaction(null, txnConfig);

        // From here, you perform your store reads and writes as normal,
        // committing and aborting the transactions as is necessary, and
        // testing for deadlock exceptions as normal (omitted for brevity).

        ...

You can also configure read committed isolation on a read-by-read basis by specifying `LockMode.READ_COMMITTED`:

    package je.txn;

    import com.sleepycat.je.Database;
    import com.sleepycat.je.DatabaseEntry;
    import com.sleepycat.je.Environment;
    import com.sleepycat.je.LockMode;
    import com.sleepycat.je.Transaction;

    ...

    Database myDb = null;
    Environment myEnv = null;
    Transaction txn = null;

    try {

        // Environment and database open omitted

        ...

        txn = myEnv.beginTransaction(null, null);

        DatabaseEntry theKey =
            new DatabaseEntry((new String("theKey")).getBytes("UTF-8"));
        DatabaseEntry theData = new DatabaseEntry();

        myDb.get(txn, theKey, theData, LockMode.READ_COMMITTED);
    } catch (Exception e) {
        // Exception handling goes here
    }

Using the DPL:

    package persist.txn;

    import com.sleepycat.je.Environment;
    import com.sleepycat.je.LockMode;
    import com.sleepycat.je.Transaction;

    import com.sleepycat.persist.PrimaryIndex;

    ...

    Environment myEnv = null;
    Transaction txn = null;

    try {

        // Environment and store open omitted

        ...

        txn = myEnv.beginTransaction(null, null);

        // Primary index creation omitted
        ...

        AnEntityClass aec = aPrimaryIndex.get(txn, "pKeya",
                                LockMode.READ_COMMITTED);
    } catch (Exception e) {
        // Exception handling goes here
    }

### Configuring Serializable Isolation

You can configure JE to use serializable isolation. Serializable isolation prevents transactions from seeing phantoms. Phantoms occur when a transaction obtains inconsistent results when performing a given query.

Suppose a transaction performs a search, S, and as a result of that search NOTFOUND is returned. If you are using only repeatable read isolation (the default isolation level), it is possible for the same transaction to perform S at a later point in time and return SUCCESS instead of NOTFOUND. This can occur if another thread of control modified the database in such a way as to cause S to successfully locate data, where before no data was found. When this situation occurs, the results returned by S are said to be a phantom.

To prevent phantoms, you can use serializable isolation. Note that this causes JE to perform additional locking in order to prevent keys from being inserted until the transaction ends. However, this additional locking can also result in reduced concurrency for your application, which means that your database access can be slowed.

You configure serializable isolation for all transactions in your environment by using `EnvironmentConfig.setTxnSerializableIsolation()`:

    package je.txn;

    import com.sleepycat.je.Database;
    import com.sleepycat.je.DatabaseEntry;
    import com.sleepycat.je.Environment;
    import com.sleepycat.je.EnvironmentConfig;
    import com.sleepycat.je.Transaction;
    import com.sleepycat.je.LockMode;

    ...

    Database myDb = null;
    Environment myEnv = null;
    Transaction txn = null;

    try {

        // Open an environment
        EnvironmentConfig envConfig = new EnvironmentConfig();
        envConfig.setAllowCreate(true);
        envConfig.setTransactional(true);

        // Use serializable isolation
        envConfig.setTxnSerializableIsolation(true);

        myEnv = new Environment(myHomeDirectory, envConfig);

        // Database open omitted

        ...

        txn = myEnv.beginTransaction(null, null);

        DatabaseEntry theKey =
            new DatabaseEntry((new String("theKey")).getBytes("UTF-8"));
        DatabaseEntry theData = new DatabaseEntry();

        myDb.get(txn, theKey, theData, LockMode.DEFAULT);
    } catch (Exception e) {
        // Exception handling goes here
    }

If you do not configure serializable isolation for all transactions, you can configure serializable isolation for a specific transaction using `TransactionConfig.setSerializableIsolation()`:

    package persist.txn;

    import com.sleepycat.je.Environment;
    import com.sleepycat.je.LockMode;
    import com.sleepycat.je.Transaction;
    import com.sleepycat.je.TransactionConfig;

    import com.sleepycat.persist.PrimaryIndex;

    ...

    Database myDb = null;
    Environment myEnv = null;
    Transaction txn = null;

    try {

        // Environment and store open omitted

        ...

        TransactionConfig tc = new TransactionConfig();
        tc.setSerializableIsolation(true); // Use serializable isolation
        txn = myEnv.beginTransaction(null, tc);

        // Primary index creation omitted
        ...

        AnEntityClass aec = aPrimaryIndex.get(txn, "pKeya",
                                LockMode.DEFAULT);
    } catch (Exception e) {
        // Exception handling goes here
    }

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