Type Hinting
Objects and references
Classes and Objects
PHP Manual

## Late Static Bindings

As of PHP 5.3.0, PHP implements a feature called late static bindings which can be used to reference the called class in a context of static inheritance.

This feature was named "late static bindings" with an internal perspective in mind. "Late binding" comes from the fact that static:: will no longer be resolved using the class where the method is defined but it will rather be computed using runtime information. It was also called a "static binding" as it can be used for (but is not limited to) static method calls.

### Limitations of self::

Static references to the current class like self:: or __CLASS__ are resolved using the class in which the function belongs, as in where it was defined:

Example #1 self:: usage

`<?php
class A {
public static function who() {
echo __CLASS__;
}
public static function test() {
self::who();
}
}
class B extends A {
public static function who() {
echo __CLASS__;
}
}
B::test();
?>`

The above example will output:

    A

### Late Static Bindings' usage

Late static bindings tries to solve that limitation by introducing a keyword that references the class that was initially called at runtime. Basically, a keyword that would allow you to reference B from test() in the previous example. It was decided not to introduce a new keyword but rather use static that was already reserved.

Example #2 static:: simple usage

`<?php
class A {
public static function who() {
echo __CLASS__;
}
public static function test() {
static::who(); // Here comes Late Static Bindings
}
}
class B extends A {
public static function who() {
echo __CLASS__;
}
}
B::test();
?>`

The above example will output:

    B

> Note: static:: does not work like $this for static methods! $this-> follows the rules of inheritance while static:: doesn't. This difference is detailed later on this manual page.

Example #3 static:: usage in a non-static context

`<?php
class TestChild extends TestParent {
public function __construct() {
static::who();
}
public function test() {
$o = new TestParent();
}
public static function who() {
echo __CLASS__."\n";
}
}
class TestParent {
public function __construct() {
static::who();
}
public static function who() {
echo __CLASS__."\n";
}
}
$o = new TestChild;
$o->test();
?>`

The above example will output:

    TestChild
    TestParent

> Note: Late static bindings' resolution will stop at a fully resolved static call with no fallback. On the other hand, static calls using keywords like parent:: or self:: will forward the calling information.

> Example #4 Forwarding and non-forwarding calls

> `<?php
> class A {
> public static function foo() {
> static::who();
> }
> public static function who() {
> echo __CLASS__."\n";
> }
> }
> class B extends A {
> public static function test() {
> A::foo();
> parent::foo();
> self::foo();
> }
> public static function who() {
> echo __CLASS__."\n";
> }
> }
> class C extends B {
> public static function who() {
> echo __CLASS__."\n";
> }
> }
> C::test();
> ?>`

> The above example will output:

>     A
>     C
>     C

### Edge cases

There are lots of different ways to trigger a method call in PHP, like callbacks or magic methods. As late static bindings base their resolution on runtime information, it might give unexpected results in so-called edge cases.

Example #5 Late static bindings inside magic methods

`<?php
class A {
protected static function who() {
echo __CLASS__."\n";
}
public function __get($var) {
return static::who();
}
}
class B extends A {
protected static function who() {
echo __CLASS__."\n";
}
}
$b = new B;
$b->foo;
?>`

The above example will output:

    B

Type Hinting
Objects and references
Classes and Objects
PHP Manual