%% download - download files with LaTeX
%%
%% Copyright (C) 2012-2019 by Simon Sigurdhsson <sigurdhsson@gmail.com>
%%
%% This work may be distributed and/or modified under the
%% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3
%% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
%% The latest version of this license is in
%%   http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
%% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
%% version 2005/12/01 or later.
%%
%% This work has the LPPL maintenance status `maintained'.
%%
%% The Current Maintainer of this work is Simon Sigurdhsson.
%%
%% This work consists of the file download.tex
%% and the derived file download.sty.
\documentclass{skdoc}
\usepackage{hologo}
\usepackage[style=authoryear,backend=biber]{biblatex}
%%\usepackage{chslacite}

\ExplSyntaxOn
\cs_set_protected_nopar:Npn\ExplHack{
    \char_set_catcode_letter:n{ 58 }
    \char_set_catcode_letter:n{ 95 }
}
\ExplSyntaxOff
\ExplHack

\begin{filecontents}{download.bib}
@online{Klinger12,
    author = {Max Klinger},
    title = {Creating a URL downloading command to be used with e.g. \texttt{\textbackslash includegraphics}},
    year = {2012},
    url = {http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/88430/creating-a-url-downloading-command-to-be-used-with-e-g-includegraphics}
}
\end{filecontents}
\addbibresource{download.bib}

\begin{document}
    % Change & version info
    \version{1.2}
    \changes{1.0}{Initial version}
    \changes{1.1}{Added aria2 and axel engines}
    \changes{1.2}{Protect a bunch of macros and conditionals. Track \pkg{expl3} changes (thanks to Phelype Oleinik)}
    % Don't forget to update the version number and release date of
    % the package declaration in the implementation!

    % Metadata
    \package[ctan=download,vcs=https://github.com/urdh/download]{download}
    \author{Simon Sigurdhsson}
    \email{sigurdhsson@gmail.com}

    % First page
    \maketitle
    \begin{abstract}
        The \thepackage\ package allows \LaTeX\ to download files using
        cURL, wget, aria2 or axel.
    \end{abstract}

    \section{Introduction}
    This package, inspired by a question on \TeX.SE\footcite{Klinger12},
    allows \LaTeX\ to download files using one of four engines.
    Since it needs
    to run external commands, it requires unrestricted \cs{write18}
    access \Notice{do not indiscriminately run \hologo{pdfLaTeX} with
    the \texttt{--shell-escape} flag; using this package it would be
    possible to download malicious \texttt{.tex} that may abuse the
    \cs{write18} access to harm your system}.

    \section{Usage}
    The package is very simple to use, but requires a *nix platform with
    any of the engines installed and present in the \texttt{PATH}.

    \subsection{Options}
    \Option{engine}\WithValues{auto,curl,wget,aria2,axel}\AndDefault{auto}
    The package only has one option, which controls what underlying
    software is used to download the file. As of version \theversion,
    the four engines available are cURL, wget, aria2 and axel.
    The default, which is
    used when no option is supplied, is \texttt{auto}. In this mode,
    \thepkg\ will look for wget, cURL, aria2 and axel, in that order,
    and use the first one available.

    \subsection{Macros}
    \DescribeMacro\download[<filename>]{<url>}
    The only macro provided by \thepkg\ is \cs{download}. With it, you
    can download any file from any \meta{url} supported by the underlying
    engine (wget supports \texttt{http(s)} and \texttt{ftp}, cURL
    supports a few more, aria2 supports torrent downloads and axel
    supports downloading from multiple mirrors at once\footnote{See the
    manpage of the respective command for more information.}; for most
    cases  wget should be enough). The
    optional argument \meta{filename} makes the underlying engine save
    the file with the specified filename \Notice{this also enables file
    existence checking; without it, the engine will attempt to
    download the file even if it exists --- wget and aria2 see the
    existing file and do nothing, and axel probably replaces any existing
    file but cURL will download a new copy with a numeral suffix}.

    \Implementation
    \SelfPreambleTo{\mypreamble}
    \section{Implementation}
    \DeclareFile[key=package,preamble=\mypreamble]{download.sty}
    Let's have a look at the simple implementation. The package is based
    on \LaTeX3, and should comply with the standards described i the
    \pkg{expl3} manual. In any case, we begin by loading a few packages
    (\pkg{expl3} for the \LaTeX3 core, \pkg{l3keys2e} for applying
    \pkg*{l3keys} functionality to \LaTeXe\ package option parsing,
    \pkg{pdftexcmds} for the \cs{pdf@shellescape} macro and \pkg{xparse}
    for the public API definitions).
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
\RequirePackage{expl3,l3keys2e,pdftexcmds,xparse}
\end{MacroCode}

    Then, we declare ourselves to provide the \thepkg\ \LaTeX3 package.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
\ProvidesExplPackage{download}
    {2019/10/01}{1.2}{download files with LaTeX}
\end{MacroCode}

    \subsection{Messages}
    We define a couple of messages using \pkg*{l3keys} functionality.

    The two first messages will be used as fatal errors, when we notice
    that functionality we absolutely \emph{require} (\emph{e.g.} either
    unrestricted \cs{write18} or the specified engine) is missing.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
\msg_new:nnnn{download}{no-write18}{Could~not~use~\string\write18!}
    {Please~run~`latex`~with~the~`--shell-escape`~flag.}
\msg_new:nnnn{download}{no-engine}{Could~not~find~any~engine!}
    {Please~make~sure~one~of~the~engines~is~installed~and~in~your~PATH.}
\end{MacroCode}

    We also have a message being displayed when \cs{download} is being
    used without its optional argument. This is a warning, since it may
    imply that cURL is creating a lot of unwanted files.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
\msg_new:nnnn{download}{no-name}{Using~\string\download\space~with~no~filename!}
    {This~means~I~will~download~the~file~even~if~it~already~exists.}
\end{MacroCode}

    The last two messages are diagnostics written to the log when
    \opt{engine} is set to \texttt{auto}.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
\msg_new:nnn{download}{use-curl}{Using~cURL.}
\msg_new:nnn{download}{use-wget}{Using~wget.}
\msg_new:nnn{download}{use-ariaII}{Using~aria2.}
\msg_new:nnn{download}{use-axel}{Using~axel.}
\end{MacroCode}

    \subsection{The \cs{write18} test}
    We require unrestricted \cs{write18} and as such we must test for
    it. Using the \cs{pdf@shellescape} macro from \pkg{pdftexcmds}, we
    can define a new conditional that decides if we have unrestricted
    \cs{write18}.
    \begin{macro}{\__download_if_shellescape:F}
    \changes{1.2}{This conditional is now protected}
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
\prg_new_protected_conditional:Nnn\__download_if_shellescape:{F}{
    \if_cs_exist:N\pdf@shellescape
\end{MacroCode}
    If the command sequence exists (it really should), we test to see
    if it is equal to one. The \cs{pdf@shellescape} macro will be zero
    if no \cs{write18} access is available, two if we have restricted
    access and one if access is unrestricted.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
        \if_int_compare:w\pdf@shellescape=\c_one_int
            \prg_return_true:
        \else:
            \prg_return_false:
        \fi:
\end{MacroCode}
    If the command sequence doesn't exist, we assume that we have
    unrestricted \cs{write18} access (we probably don't), and let
    \LaTeX\ complain about it later.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
    \else:
        \prg_return_true:
    \fi:
}
\end{MacroCode}
    \end{macro}

    \subsection{Utility functions}
    The existence tests for cURL and wget, explained later, create
    a temporary file. We might as well clean that up at once, since
    the user probably won't do that after each run of \LaTeX, and
    an old file may break the check.
    \begin{macro}{\__download_rm:n}[1]
        {The file to be removed}
    \changes{1.2}{This macro is now protected}
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
\cs_new_protected:Npn\__download_rm:n#1{
    \immediate\write18{rm~#1}
}
\end{MacroCode}
    \end{macro}

    \subsection{Testing for the applications}
    Testing for the existence of executables is done by calling
    the standard *nix \texttt{which} command. We define one conditional
    for all engines:
    \begin{macro*}{\__download_if_executable_test:nF}
    \begin{macro*}{\__download_if_executable_test:nT}
    \begin{macro}{\__download_if_executable_test:nTF}[1]
                 {The executable to test the existence of}
    \changes{1.1}{Condensed test macros into one macro with an argument}
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
\prg_new_conditional:Npnn\__download_if_executable_test:n#1{TF,T,F,p}{
\end{MacroCode}
    First, run \texttt{which} to create the temporary file.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
    \immediate\write18{which~#1~&&~touch~\jobname.aex}
\end{MacroCode}
    If the temporary file exists, we delete it and return true.
    Otherwise, we return false.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
    \file_if_exist:nTF{\jobname.aex}{
        \__download_rm:n{\jobname.aex}
        \prg_return_true:
    }{
        \prg_return_false:
    }
}
\end{MacroCode}
    \end{macro}
    \end{macro*}
    \end{macro*}

    \subsection{Using cURL and wget}
    Actually using cURL and wget for downloading is simple, issuing
    two different commands depending on wether we have the optional
    argument or not (i.e. it is \cs{NoValue}).

    \begin{macro}{\__download_curl_do:nn}[2]
        {Filename to save file to, or \cs{NoValue}}
        {URL to fetch the file from}
    \changes{1.1}{cURL now follows redirects}
    \changes{1.2}{This macro is now protected}
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
\cs_new_protected:Npn\__download_curl_do:nn#1#2{
    \IfNoValueTF{#1}{
\end{MacroCode}
    When no optional argument is given, we just invoke cURL with the
    \texttt{-s} (silent) flag as well as the \texttt{-L} (follow
    redirects) flag.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
        \immediate\write18{curl~-L~-s~#2}
    }{
\end{MacroCode}
    When we \emph{do} have an optional argument, we add the \texttt{-o}
    flag to specify the output file.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
        \immediate\write18{curl~-L~-s~-o~#1~#2}
    }
}
\end{MacroCode}
    \end{macro}

    \begin{macro}{\__download_wget_do:nn}[2]
        {Filename to save file to, or \cs{NoValue}}
        {URL to fetch the file from}
    \changes{1.2}{This macro is now protected}
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
\cs_new_protected:Npn\__download_wget_do:nn#1#2{
    \IfNoValueTF{#1}{
\end{MacroCode}
    With wget, we pass the \texttt{-q} (quiet) flag as well as the
    \texttt{-nc} (no clobber) flag, to avoid downloading files that
    already exist.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
        \immediate\write18{wget~-q~-nc~#2}
    }{
\end{MacroCode}
    Again, when we have an optional argument we add the \texttt{-O}
    flag to specify the output file.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
        \immediate\write18{wget~-q~-nc~-O~#1~#2}
    }
}
\end{MacroCode}
    \end{macro}

    \begin{macro}{\__download_ariaII_do:nn}[2]
        {Filename to save file to, or \cs{NoValue}}
        {URL to fetch the file from}
    \changes{1.2}{This macro is now protected}
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
\cs_new_protected:Npn\__download_ariaII_do:nn#1#2{
    \IfNoValueTF{#1}{
\end{MacroCode}
    With aria2, we pass the \texttt{-q} (quiet) flag as well as the
    \texttt{--auto-file-renaming=false} (no clobber) flag, to avoid
    creating a lot of duplicate files.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
        \immediate\write18{aria2c~-q~--auto-file-renaming=false~#2}
    }{
\end{MacroCode}
    Again, when we have an optional argument we add the \texttt{-o}
    flag to specify the output file.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
        \immediate\write18{aria2c~-q~--auto-file-renaming=false~-o~#1~#2}
    }
}
\end{MacroCode}
    \end{macro}

    \begin{macro}{\__download_axel_do:nn}[2]
        {Filename to save file to, or \cs{NoValue}}
        {URL to fetch the file from}
    \changes{1.2}{This macro is now protected}
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
\cs_new_protected:Npn\__download_axel_do:nn#1#2{
    \IfNoValueTF{#1}{
\end{MacroCode}
    With axel, we pass the \texttt{-q} (quiet) flag.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
        \immediate\write18{axel~-q~#2}
    }{
\end{MacroCode}
    Again, when we have an optional argument we add the \texttt{-o}
    flag to specify the output file.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
        \immediate\write18{axel~-q~-o~#1~#2}
    }
}
\end{MacroCode}
    \end{macro}

    \subsection{The \texttt{auto} engine}
    The automatic engine uses the tests and macros of the other engines
    to provide functionality without selecting an engine. We first
    define a conditional that, in essence, steps through the available
    engines testing for their existence. If any of them exist, we're in
    business.
    \begin{macro*}{\__download_if_auto_test:TF}
    \begin{macro}{\__download_if_auto_test:F}
    \changes{1.1}{Added aria2c and axel engines to stack}
    \changes{1.2}{This conditional is now protected}
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
\prg_new_protected_conditional:Nnn\__download_if_auto_test:{F,TF}{
    \__download_if_executable_test:nTF{wget}{
        \prg_return_true:
    }{
        \__download_if_executable_test:nTF{curl}{
            \prg_return_true:
        }{
            \__download_if_executable_test:nTF{aria2c}{
                \prg_return_true:
            }{
                \__download_if_executable_test:nTF{axel}{
                    \prg_return_true:
                }{
                    \prg_return_false:
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
\end{MacroCode}
    \end{macro}
    \end{macro*}

    We also define an automatic equivalent of the engine \texttt{_do}
    macros, which selects the engines in the order wget, cURL, aria2
    and axel.
    \begin{macro}{\__download_auto_do:nn}[2]
        {Filename to save file to, or \cs{NoValue}}
        {URL to fetch the file from}
    \changes{1.2}{This macro is now protected}
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
\cs_new_protected:Npn\__download_auto_do:nn#1#2{
    \__download_if_executable_test:nTF{wget}{
        \msg_info:nn{download}{use-wget}
        \__download_wget_do:nn{#1}{#2}
    }{
        \__download_if_executable_test:nTF{curl}{
            \msg_info:nn{download}{use-curl}
            \__download_curl_do:nn{#1}{#2}
        }{
            \__download_if_executable_test:nTF{aria2c}{
                \msg_info:nn{download}{use-ariaII}
                \__download_ariaII_do:nn{#1}{#2}
            }{
                \msg_info:nn{download}{use-axel}
                \__download_axel_do:nn{#1}{#2}
            }
        }
    }
}
\end{MacroCode}
    \end{macro}

    \subsection{Package options}
    As detailed earlier in the documentation, the only option of the
    package is \opt{engine}. Here, we use the \pkg*{l3keys} functionality
    to define a key-value system which we later use to read the package
    options.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
\keys_define:nn{download}{
    engine .choice:,
\end{MacroCode}
    \begin{macro}{\__download_do:nn}[2]
        {Filename to save file to, or \cs{NoValue}}
        {URL to fetch the file from}
    \begin{macro}{\__download_if_auto_test:F}
    First, the \texttt{auto} value. We globally define two macros as
    aliases to the underlying \texttt{_do} and \texttt{_if_test} macros.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
    engine / auto .code:n =
        {\cs_gset_eq:NN\__download_do:nn\__download_auto_do:nn
         \prg_set_conditional:Nnn\__download_if_test:{F}{
            \__download_if_auto_test:TF
                {\prg_return_true:}{\prg_return_false:}}},
\end{MacroCode}
    We do the same for the other options.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
    engine / curl .code:n =
        {\cs_gset_eq:NN\__download_do:nn\__download_curl_do:nn
         \prg_set_conditional:Nnn\__download_if_test:{F}{
            \__download_if_executable_test:nTF{curl}
                {\prg_return_true:}{\prg_return_false:}}},
    engine / wget .code:n =
        {\cs_gset_eq:NN\__download_do:nn\__download_wget_do:nn
         \prg_set_conditional:Nnn\__download_if_test:{F}{
            \__download_if_executable_test:nTF{wget}
                {\prg_return_true:}{\prg_return_false:}}},
    engine / aria2 .code:n =
        {\cs_gset_eq:NN\__download_do:nn\__download_ariaII_do:nn
         \prg_set_conditional:Nnn\__download_if_test:{F}{
            \__download_if_executable_test:nTF{aria2c}
                {\prg_return_true:}{\prg_return_false:}}},
    engine / axel .code:n =
        {\cs_gset_eq:NN\__download_do:nn\__download_axel_do:nn
         \prg_set_conditional:Nnn\__download_if_test:{F}{
            \__download_if_executable_test:nTF{axel}
                {\prg_return_true:}{\prg_return_false:}}},
\end{MacroCode}
    \end{macro}
    \end{macro}
    Lastly, we initialize the option with the \texttt{auto} value.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
    engine .initial:n = auto,
    engine .default:n = auto,
}
\end{MacroCode}
    Now, given the key-value system, we parse the options.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
\ProcessKeysPackageOptions{download}
\end{MacroCode}

    \subsection{Performing the tests}
    Now that we know what engine we will be using, we can check for
    \cs{write18} support and engine existence.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
\__download_if_shellescape:F{\msg_fatal:nn{download}{no-write18}}
\__download_if_test:F{\msg_fatal:nn{download}{no-engine}}
\end{MacroCode}

    \subsection{Public API}
    The public API consists of only one macro, \cs{download}. It
    simply calls the backend macro, unless the optional argument
    is given and the file exists. If the file doesn't exist, it
    also emits a friendly warning.
    \begin{macro}{\download}[2]
        {Filename to save file to, or \cs{NoValue}}
        {URL to fetch the file from}
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
\DeclareDocumentCommand\download{om}{
    \IfNoValueTF{#1}{
        \msg_warning:nn{download}{no-name}
        \__download_do:nn{#1}{#2}
    }{
        \file_if_exist:nTF{#1}{}{\__download_do:nn{#1}{#2}}
    }
}
\end{MacroCode}
    \end{macro}

    And we're done.
\begin{MacroCode}{package}
\endinput
\end{MacroCode}

    \Finale
    \section{Installation}
    The easiest way to install this package is using the package
    manager provided by your \LaTeX\ installation if such a program
    is available. Failing that, provided you have obtained the package
    source (\file{download.tex} and \file{Makefile}) from either CTAN
    or Github, running \texttt{make install} inside the source directory
    works well. This will extract the documentation and code from
    \file{download.tex}, install all files into the TDS tree at
    \texttt{TEXMFHOME} and run \texttt{mktexlsr}.

    If you want to extract code and documentation without installing
    the package, run \texttt{make all} instead. If you insist on not
    using \texttt{make}, remember that packages distributed using
    \pkg{skdoc} must be extracted using \texttt{pdflatex}, \emph{not}
    \texttt{tex} or \texttt{latex}.

    \PrintChanges
    \PrintIndex
    \printbibliography
\end{document}
