Natural logarithm

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Math Functions
PHP Manual

# log

(PHP 4, PHP 5)

log — Natural logarithm

### Description

float log ( float `$arg` [, float `$base` = M_E ] )

If the optional `base` parameter is specified, log() returns logbase `arg`, otherwise log() returns the natural logarithm of `arg`.

### Parameters

`arg`

  The value to calculate the logarithm for

`base`

  The optional logarithmic base to use (defaults to 'e' and so to the natural logarithm).

### Return Values

The logarithm of `arg` to `base`, if given, or the natural logarithm.

### Changelog

Version | Description
--- | ---
Since 4.3.0 | The optional parameter `base` became available. For older versions you can calculate the logarithm in base b of a number n, but using the mathematical identity: logb(n) = log(n)/log(b), where log is the neperian (or natural) logarithm.

### See Also

- log10() - Base-10 logarithm
- exp() - Calculates the exponent of e
- pow() - Exponential expression

log1p
max
Math Functions
PHP Manual