# Guía de administración do Escritorio GNOME

## Usar GConf

A información deste capítulo describe como usar GConf para xestionar as preferencias dos usuarios.

### Introdución a GConf

GConf simplifica a administración das preferencias para os usuarios do Escritorio GNOME. GConf permite aos administradores do sistema facer o seguinte:

- Estabelecer valores obrigatorios para preferencias particulares para todos os usuarios. Desta maneira, os administradores do sistema poden controlar se os usuarios poden actualizar preferencias particulares.

- Estabelecer valores predefinidos para preferencias particulares para todos os usuarios.

- Usar os valores suxeridos par as preferencias especificadas nos ficheiros de definición para as preferencias.

- Lea a documentación para cada preferencia.

GConf tamén notifica aos aplicativos cando un valore de preferencia cambiou, localmente ou mediante unha rede. Desta maneira, cando cambie unha preferencia, todos os aplicativos que usen a preferencia actualizaranse inmediatamente.

GConf ten os seguintes compoñentes:

- Un repositorio das preferencias do usuario.

- Un demonio, `gconfd-2```

- Unha ferramenta para a liña de ordes, `gconftool-2`.

### Repositorio de GConf

Cada preferencia no repositorio de GConf exprésase como un par de valores-chave. Unha chave de preferencia de GConf é un elemento no repositorio que corresponde a unha preferencia `/apps/gnome-session/options/show_splash_screen` corresponde á opción Mostrar a pantalla de benvida ao iniciar a sesión na ferramenta de preferencias

O repositorio está estruturado como un sistema de ficheiros xerárquico simple. O repositorio contén o seguinte:

- Cartafoles que corresponden a aplicativos que usan o repositorio de GConf. Por exemplo, o sistema de ficheiros contén o cartafol `/apps/metacity`.

- Os subcartafoles que corresponden con categorías de preferencias. Por exemplo o sistema de ficheiros contén o cartafol `/apps/metacity/general`.

- Ficheiros especiais que listan as chaves de preferencias no cartafol e contén información sobre as chaves. Por exemplo, un ficheiro que contén información sobre as chaves referentes ás preferencias do proxy HTTP está no cartafol `/system/http_proxy`.

- Un cartafol `/schemas` que contén ficheiros que describen todas as chaves de preferencias.

As chaves de preferencia xeralmente contén valores simples, tales como cadeas, enteiros ou listas de cadeas e enteiros. O formato das chaves de preferencias no repositorio depende do módulo de backend usado para ler o repositorio. O seguinte exemplo mostra a chave de preferencia `/desktop/gnome/interface/font_name` cando un módulo backend de «Extensible Markup Language» (XML) úsase para ler o repositorio:

    <entry name="font_name" mtime="1038323555" muser="user123" type="string">
    <stringvalue>Sans 10</stringvalue></entry>

Cando esta guía se refire a unha chave de preferencia, o camiño á chave engádese ao nome da chave. Por exemplo, a chave de preferencia `font_name` no subcartafol `/desktop/gnome/interface` sóese chamr `/desktop/gnome/interface/font_name`.

#### Fontes de configuración de GConf

O repositorio de GConf contén unha serie de lugares de almacenamento chamados fontes de configuración. As fontes de configuración están listadas no ficheiro de ruta de GConf. A localización do ficheiro de ruta de GConf é `/etc/gconf/`número-de-versión-de-gconf`/path`. Cada usuario ten un ficheiro de ruta. O ficheiro de ruta especifica a seguinte información para cada fonte de configuración.

- O módulo backend a usar para ler o repositorio.

- Os permisos sobre o repositorio.

- A localización do repositorio

O camiño de ficheiro de GConf tamén contén instrucións `include`. De forma predefinida o contido do ficheiro de ruta de GConf é o seguinte:

    xml:readonly:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory
    include /etc/gconf/2/local-mandatory.path
    include "$(HOME)/.gconf.path"
    include /etc/gconf/2/local-defaults.path
    xml:readwrite:$(HOME)/.gconf
    xml:readonly:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults

Cando GConf busca o valor dunha preferencia, GConf lee as fontes de configuración no orde especificado polo ficheiro de camiño. A seguinte táboa describe as fontes de configuración no ficheiro de camiño.

Configuración fonte | Descrición
Obrigatorio | Os permisos sobre esta configuración fonte están estabelecidos a só lectura. Os usuarios non poden sobrescribir os valores nesta fonte, de tal forma que as preferencias na fonte son obrigatorias.
Usuario | Esta configuración fonte almacénase no cartafol `.gconf` dentro do cartafol de inicio do usuario. Cando o usuario estabelece unha preferencia, a nova información da preferencia engádese a esta localización. Pode usar o Editor de configuración para modificar a configuración fonte do usuario.
Predefinida | Esta configuración fonte contén os axustes predefinidos de preferencias.

A secuencia das fontes de configuración no ficheiro de ruta asegura que os axustes de preferencias obrigatorias sobrescriben os axustes de preferencia do usuario. A secuencia tamén se asegura que os axustes de preferencias do usuario sobrescriben os axustes de preferencias predefinidos. Isto é GConf aplica as preferencias coa seguinte prioridade

1. Preferencias obrigatorias

2. Preferencias especificadas polo usuario

3. Preferencias predefinidas

As instrucións `include` no camiño de ficheiro de GConf permiten aos administradores do sistema especificar outras fontes de configuración.

Fonte de configuración incluída | Descrición
`/etc/gconf/2/local-mandatory.path` | Use esta fonte de configuración para almacenar valores de preferencias obrigatorias para un sistema particular.
`$(HOME)/.gconf.path` | O usuario especifica a localización da configuración fonte no cartafol de inicio, no ficheiro chamado `.gconf.path`.
`/etc/gconf/2/local-defaults.path` | Use esta configuración fonte para almacenar os valores de preferencias predefinidos para un sistema particular.

#### Esquemas de GConf

Un esquema de GConf é un término colectivo para unha chave de esquema de GConf e un obecto de esquema de GConf. A seguinte táboa describe as claves e obxectos de esquema e a súa relación coas chaves de preferencia.

Elemento | Descrición
Chave de preferencia | Un elemento no repositorio de GConf que corresponde coa preferencia dun aplicativo.
Chave de esquema | Unha chave que almacena un obxecto de esquema para unha chave de preferencia.
Obxecto de esquema | Un elemento nunha configuración fonte que contén información para unha chave de preferencia, tal como: O nome do aplicativo que usa a chave de preferencia. O tipo de valor requirido pola chave de preferencia, por exemplo enteiro, booleano e demais. Un valor predefinido para a chave de preferencia. Breve documentación sobre a chave de preferencia

A seguinte táboa fornece exemplos dunha chave de preferencia, unha chave de esquema e un obxecto de esquema.

Elemento | Exemplo
Chave de preferencia | `/desktop/gnome/interface/font_name`
Chave de esquema | `/schemas/desktop/gnome/interface/font_name`
Obxecto de esquema |
    <schema>
      <applyto>/desktop/gnome/interface/font_name</applyto>
      <key>/schemas/desktop/gnome/interface/font_name</key>
      <owner>gnome</owner>
      <type>string</type>
      <default>Sans 10</default>
      <locale name="C">
        <short>Default font</short>
          <long>Name of the default font used by gtk+.</long>
      </locale>
    </schema>

Pode asociar unha chave de esquema cunha chave de preferencia. Por exemplo, a seguinte chave `/desktop/gnome/interface/font_name` inclúe unha chave de esquema:

    <entry name="font_name" mtime="1034873859"
    schema="/schemas/desktop/gnome/interface/font_name"/>

Cando asocia unha chave de esquema cunha chave de preferencia, a preferencia usa o valor suxerido especificado no obxecto esquema da chave de esquema. O valor suxerido está contido no elemento `<default>` dentro do obxecto esquema. De forma predefinida todas as chaves de preferencia na súa configuración fonte predefinida están asociadas con chaves de esquema.

Xeralmente os esquemas están almacenados na configuración fonte orixinal.

#### Ficheiros de definición de esquemas de GConf

Os esquemas xéranse desde ficheiros de definición de esquemas. Un ficheiro de definición de esquemas define as características de todas as chaves dun aplicativo en particular. Os ficheiros de definición de esquemas teñen unha extensión `.schema`.

Los ficheiros de definición de esquema están incluídos no cartafol `/etc/gconf/schemas`. Pode usar os ficheiros de definición de esquemas para crear unha nova fonte de configuración.

Some schema definition files correspond closely to a part of the GNOME Desktop user interface. For example, `system_http_proxy.schemas` corresponds to the Network Proxy preference tool. Other schema definition files contain preference keys that are not present in the GNOME Desktop user interface. For example, the `/apps/panel/global/tooltips_enabled` key is not present in the user interface.

Some parts of the GNOME Desktop user interface contain preferences that represent preference keys from more than one schema definition file. For example, the Keyboard Shortcuts preference tool contains preferences that represent keys from the `panel-global-config.schemas` and `metacity.schemas` files.

### Daemon de GConf

The GConf daemon is called `gconfd-2`. The GConf daemon notifies applications when a preference value changes. For example, you might select to show only icons in toolbars in the Menus & Toolbars preference tool. When you select this option in the preference tool, the toolbars on all open applications are updated instantly. The GConf daemon can operate locally, or across a network.

An instance of the GConf daemon is started for each user. The GConf daemon does not have to deal with complex problems such as authentication and data security. When the GConf daemon starts, the daemon loads the GConf path file. The GConf daemon manages all access between applications and the configuration sources.

When an application requests the value of a preference key, the daemon searches the configuration sources as follows:

1. Search for the value of the preference key in each configuration source, in the order specified in the path file. If the value is found, return the value.

2. If a value is not found, search for the schema key that corresponds to the preference key in each configuration source, in the order specified in the path file.

3. Se se encontra a chave de esquema, comproba o valor desa chave de esquema

4. Se o valor de chave de esquema é un obxecto esquema, devolve un valor suxerido no elemento

O daemon de GConf tamén cachea valores de chaves de preferencias. Todas os aplicativos usan esta caché, de tal forma que os aplicativos só necesitan acceder ás fontes de configuración unha vez.

Para rematar o daemon GConf, execute a seguinte orde:

    gconftool-2 --shutdown

### A ferramenta de liña de ordes de GConf

GConf inclúe unha ferramenta de liña de ordes, `gconftool-2`. Vostede pode usar a orde

- Axustar os valores das chaves.

- Mostrar os valores das chaves.

- Instalar esquemas desde ficheiros de definicións de esquemas cando se instala un aplicativo.

Por exemplo, use a seguinte orde para mostrar os valores de todas as chaves no cartafol e subcartafoles `/desktop/gnome`.

    gconftool-2 --recursive-list /desktop/gnome

Abaixo lístanse algunhas das opcións que pode usar coa orde `gconftool-2`. Para obter máis detalles sobre as opcións da liña de ordes vexa man:gconftool-2(1).

### Opcións de ordes para gconftool-2

`--all-dirs`

- Lista todos os subcartafoles no cartafol que especifique.

`--all-entries`

- Mostra os valores de todas as chaves no cartafol que especifique.

`--config-source=`fonte-de-configuración``

- Use esta opción xunto coa opción `GConf` para especificar unha fonte de configuración para usar. Se non selecciona unha fonte de configuración con esta opción, a orde execútase sobre todas as fontes de configuración no ficheiro de ruta.

`--direct`

- Use esta opción xunto coa opción `--config-source` para accder á fonte de configuración directamente. Cando use esta opción, GConf evita o servidor. Asegúrese de que o daemon de GConf, `gconf-2`, non se está executando antes de usar esta opción.

`--dump`

- Generates a list that contains all preference keys in a GConf repository directory that you specify. The list contains XML descriptions of all the keys. The list is contained in a `<gconfentryfile>` element.

  Por exemplo, pode redimensionar a saída desta opción para xerar un ficheiro que mostre todas as chaves relacionadas coa configuración do seu panel. Pode usar a opción `--load` co este ficheiro.

`--get`

- Mostra o valor dunha chave de preferencia que especifique. Tamén mostra os valores dos elementos no obxecto de esquema para unha chave de esquema que especifique.

`--help`

- Displays a help message about the `gconftool-2` command, and the options that you can use with the `gconftool-2` command.

`--load=`nome de ficheiro``

- Use esta opción para cambiar os valores de chaves de preferencias no cartafol actual dean unha fonte de configuración aos valores no ficheiro que especifique. O ficheiro que especifique debe conter descricións XML das chaves nun elemento `<gconfentryfile>`.

`--long-desc=`descrición``

- Use esta opción coa opción `--set-schema` para especificar unha descrición longa para unha chave de esquema.

`--makefile-install-rule`

- Instala ficheiros de definición de esquemas aos aplicativos.

`--owner=`propietario``

- Use this option with the `--set-schema` option to specify an owner for a schema key.

`--recursive-list`

- Displays the values of all preference keys in all subdirectories in a directory that you specify.

`--recursive-unset`

- Resets the values of all preference keys, in all subdirectories in a directory, from the user setting to the setting in the default configuration source.

`--set`

- Sets the value of a preference key, and writes the value to the user configuration source. Use the `--type` option with the `--set` option to specify the data type of the value that you want to set. For example, the following command sets the value of the `/apps/gnome-terminal/profiles/Default/background_color` key in the user configuration source:

      gconftool-2 \
        --set "/apps/gnome-terminal/profiles/Default/background_color" \
        --type string "#000000"

  You can also use the `--direct` option and the `--config-source` option with the `--set` option to write a value to another configuration source.

`--set-schema`

- Sets the value of an attribute in a schema key, and writes the value to the default configuration source.

  Use the following options with the `--set-schema` option to specify the attribute that you want to update:

  - `--type`

  - `--short-desc`

  - `--long-desc`

  - `--owner`

  For example, the following command sets the short description in the schema key for the `/apps/gnome-terminal/profiles/Default/background_color` key:

      gconftool-2 \
        --set-schema  "/schemas/apps/gnome-terminal/profiles/Default/background_color" \
        --short-desc "Cor de fondo predefinido da terminal"

`--short-desc=`descrición``

- Use this option with the `--set-schema` option to specify a short description for a schema key.

`--shutdown`

- Remata o daemon de GConf.

`--type=`data-type``

- Use this option to specify the data type when you set a value of a preference key. You can also use this option when you set the value of an attribute in a schema key. The following is a list of valid data types:

  - `bool`

  - `float`

  - `int`

  - `list`

  - `pair`

  - `string`

`--unset`

- Resets the value of a preference key from the user setting to the setting in the default configuration source.

`--usage`

- Mostra un breve mensaxe de axuda sobre a orde `gconftool-2` e as opcións que pode usar coa orde `gconftool-2`.

### Estabelecer os valores de preferencias

You can set a mandatory value or a default value for a preference key. Before you change mandatory preference values or default preference values for users, you must ensure that the GConf daemon is not running for any user. Ensure that all users are logged out before you change preference values for users.

Para estabelecer un valor obrigatorio ou predefinido para unha chave de preferencia, use a orde `gconftool-2` tal e como segue:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source fonte-de-configuración \
      --type data-type \
      --set chave de preferencia valor

Por exemplo, para estabelecer `wwwproxy.xyz.com` como o equipo proxy HTTP obrigatorio, execute a seguinte orde:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
      --type string \
      --set /system/http_proxy/host wwwproxy.xyz.com

O usuario non poderá sobrescribir o valor desta preferencia.

Tamén pode usar a orde `gconftool-2` para estabelecer valores predefinidos. Por exemplo, para estabelecer o número predefinido de áreas de traballo a cinco, execute a seguinte orde:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults \
      --type int \
      --set /apps/metacity/general/num_workspaces 5

O usuario pode sobrescribir o valor desta preferencia:

Before you change mandatory preference values or default preference values for users, you must ensure that all users are logged out.

### Estabelecer preferencias xerais

As seguintes seccións describen cómo asignar valores obrigatorios ou predefinidos para preferencias xerais.

#### Estabelecer as preferencias do proxy HTTP.

Para axustar as preferencias do proxy HTTP, pode modificar os valores das chaves de preferencia na localización `/system/http_proxy/`. Por exemplo, para estabelecer un valor obrigatorio para o equipo proxy HTTP, execute a seguinte orde:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
      --type string \
      --set /system/http_proxy/host nome-do-proxy

Para estabelecer un valor predefinido para o equipo proxy HTTP, execute a seguinte orde

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults \
      --type string \
      --set /system/http_proxy/host nome-do-proxy

Tamén pode axustar outras preferencias relacionadas co proxy HTTP, Para obter máis información sobre as outras preferencias do proxy HTTP, vexa o ficheiro de descrición de esquemas `system_http_proxy.schemas`.

#### Estabelecer as preferencias da xestión de impresión

To set print manager preferences, you modify the values of the preference keys in the `/apps/gnome-print-manager` location. For example, if you do not want users to view the print jobs of other users, set a mandatory value as follows:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
      --type bool \
      --set /apps/gnome-print-manager/show_all_jobs false

Para estabelecer un valor predefinido para esta preferencia axecute a seguinte orde:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults \
      --type bool \
      --set /apps/gnome-print-manager/show_all_jobs false

You can also set other print manager preferences. For information on the other print manager preferences, see the `gnome-print-manager.schemas` schema definition file.

#### Estabelecer o número de áreas de traballo

Para estabelecer un número obrigatorio de áreas de traballo, use a seguinte orde:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
      --type int \
      --set /apps/metacity/general/num_workspaces enteiro

Para estabelecer un número predefinido de áreas de traballo use a seguinte orde:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults \
      --type int \
      --set /apps/metacity/general/num_workspaces enteiro

Tamén pode estabelecer outras preferencias do xestor de xanelas. Para obter máis información sobre as outras preferencias do xestor de xanelas, vexa o ficheiro de definición de esquema `metacity.schemas`.

#### Estabelecer as preferencias da Accesibilidade de teclado

To set keyboard accessibility preferences, you modify the values of the preference keys in the `/desktop/gnome/accessibility/keyboard` location. For example, if you want to set a mandatory value so that keyboard accessibility features are enabled, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
      --type bool \
      --set /desktop/gnome/accessibility/keyboard/enable true

Para estabelecer un valor predefinido para esta preferencia axecute a seguinte orde:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults \
      --type bool \
      --set /desktop/gnome/accessibility/keyboard/enable false

You can also set other keyboard accessibility preferences. For information on the other keyboard accessibility preferences, see the `desktop_gnome_accessibility_keyboard.schemas` schema definition file.

#### To Set Keyboard Shortcut Preferences

To set keyboard shortcut preferences, you modify the values of preference keys in `/apps/metacity/global_keybindings` location. For example, you might want users to use only the Alt F3 keyboard shortcut to open the Run Application dialog. To set this mandatory value, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
      --type string \
      --set /apps/metacity/global_keybindings/panel_run_dialog '<Alt>F3'

You can also set other keyboard shortcut preferences. For information on the other keyboard shortcut preferences, see the `metacity.schemas` schema definition file.

#### Setting Panel and Panel Object Preferences

O ficheiro `panel-default-setup.entries` especifica os seguintes detalles dos paneis no Escritorio GNOME:

- Número de paneis.

- Tipos de paneis.

- Propiedades de paneis.

- Contido dos paneis.

The configuration of individual panels and of panel objects is a complex task. To configure individual panels and panel objects, you must first understand the structure of the `panel-default-setup.entries` file. For more information on the `panel-default-setup.entries` file, see the next section.

To set preferences for individual panels and panel objects, you must set the values of many preferences in a configuration source. The easiest way to set the values of panel preferences is to use the `gconftool-2` command with the `--dump` and `--load` options. For more information on how to set preferences for panels and objects on panels, see gconf-3.

##### Especificar paneis e obxectos do panel individuais

The file `panel-default-setup.entries` contains sections that specify panels and panel contents. The `panel-default-setup.entries` file specifies values for schema keys. The `panel-default-setup.entries` file resides in the `/etc/gconf/schemas` directory.

The `panel-default-setup.entries` file is structured as follows:

1. Keys that specify the general structure of panels, applets, and other panel objects in the GNOME Desktop. The following keys specify the number of panels, panel objects, and applets that appear in the GNOME Desktop:

   - `/apps/panel/default_setup/general/toplevel_id_list`

   - `/apps/panel/default_setup/general/object_id_list`

   - `/apps/panel/default_setup/general/applet_id_list`

   The keys also assign identifiers to each panel, panel object, and applet. For example, the following sample from `panel-default-setup.entries` specifies that one panel appears in the GNOME Desktop:

       <entry>
         <key>toplevel_id_list</key>
         <schema_key>/schemas/apps/panel/general/toplevel_id_list</schema_key>
         <value>
           <list type="string">
             <value>
               <string>bottom_panel</string>
             </value>
           </list>
         </value>
       </entry>

   In the `panel-default-setup.entries` file, the identifier `bottom_panel` identifies the bottom edge panel.

2. Keys that specify the properties of the panels. The panel property keys are structured as follows:

       /apps/panel/default_setup/toplevels/panel-name/panel-property-key

   For example, the key `/apps/panel/default_setup/toplevels/bottom_panel/size` specifies the size of the bottom panel.

3. Keys that specify the panel objects, the panel object properties, and the panels in which the objects reside. For example, the following sample from `panel-default-setup.entries` specifies a Main Menu object at the left side of the bottom panel:

       <entrylist base="/apps/panel/default_setup/objects/main_menu">
         <entry>
           <key>object_type</key>
           <schema_key>/schemas/apps/panel/objects/object_type</schema_key>
           <value>
             <string>menu-object</string>
           </value>
         </entry>
         <entry>
           <key>toplevel_id</key>
           <schema_key>/schemas/apps/panel/objects/toplevel_id</schema_key>
           <value>
             <string>bottom_panel</string>
           </value>
         </entry>
         <entry>
           <key>position</key>
           <schema_key>/schemas/apps/panel/objects/position</schema_key>
           <value>
             <int>0</int>
           </value>
         </entry>
         <!-- Possibly more entry elements -->
       </entrylist>

4. Keys that specify the applets, the applet preferences, and the panels in which the applets reside. For example, the following sample from `panel-default-setup.entries` specifies the Window List applet, in the bottom panel:

       <entrylist base="/apps/panel/default_setup/applets/window_list">
         <entry>
           <key>object_type</key>
           <schema_key>/schemas/apps/panel/objects/object_type</schema_key>
           <value>
             <string>bonobo-applet</string>
           </value>
         </entry>
         <entry>
           <key>toplevel_id</key>
           <schema_key>/schemas/apps/panel/objects/toplevel_id</schema_key>
           <value>
             <string>bottom_panel</string>
           </value>
         </entry>
         <entry>
           <key>position</key>
           <schema_key>/schemas/apps/panel/objects/position</schema_key>
           <value>
             <int>2</int>
           </value>
         </entry>
         <!-- Possibly more entry elements -->
         <entry>
           <key>bonobo_iid</key>
           <schema_key>/schemas/apps/panel/objects/bonobo_iid_type</schema_key>
           <value>
             <string>OAFIID:GNOME_WindowListApplet</string>
           </value>
         </entry>
       </entrylist>

   The OAFIID is a unique identifier for an applet. To find the OAFIID for a particular applet, see the `.server` file for the applet in the `/usr/lib/bonobo/servers` directory. For example, the following excerpt from `GNOME_Wncklet_Factory.server` shows the OAFIID for the Window List applet:

       <oaf_server iid="OAFIID:GNOME_WindowListApplet"
       type="factory" location="OAFIID:GNOME_Wncklet_Factory">

##### To Set Preferences for Individual Panels and Panel Objects

To set the preferences for a panel and the objects on a panel perform the following steps:

1. Log in to a GNOME session, and configure the panels as required.

2. Use the `--dump` option with the `gconftool-2` command line tool to generate a file that contains an XML description of your panel configuration. The `--dump` option generates a list that contains all preference keys in a GConf repository directory that you specify.

   For example, the following command creates an XML description of the default panel configuration in a file called `my-panel-setup.entries`:

       gconftool-2 --dump /apps/panel > my-panel-setup.entries

3. Open the `my-panel-setup.entries` file in a text editor, and modify the file as required.

   For example, you might want to change the location of the desktop entry files. The following is an excerpt from a file generated with the `--dump` option:

       <entry>
         <key>objects/object_16/launcher_location</key>
         <schema_key>/schemas/apps/panel/objects/launcher_location</schema_key>
         <value>
           <string>hadjaha-00adce02f7.desktop</string>
         </value>
       </entry>

   In the sample above, you might want to change the reference to `hadjaha-00adce02f7.desktop` to another desktop entry file that is available globally.

   When you generate a panel configuration with the `--dump` option, the positions of the panel objects are absolute positions. You might want to change the positions of panel objects from absolute positions to relative positions. The object at the extreme left of a panel has a `position` value of `0`. The next object has a `position` value of `1`, and so on. If you want object positions to be relative to the right side of the panel, set the value of the `right_stick` key to `true`.

4. Use the `--load` option with the `gconftool-2` command line tool to set the values of the default configuration source to the values in the `my-panel-setup.entries` file. For example, the following command sets the values of the keys in the default configuration source to the values of the corresponding keys in `my-panel-setup.entries`:

       gconftool-2 --direct \
         --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults \
         --load my-panel-setup.entries

### Setting Look-and-Feel Preferences

The following sections describe how to assign mandatory or default values to look-and-feel preferences.

#### To Set Font Preferences

To set font preferences, you modify the values of two preference keys. The following table shows the keys to modify, and the part of the user interface to which the keys correspond:

Localización en GConf | Compoñente da interface de usuario
/desktop/gnome/interface/font_name | Font preference tool, Application font option
/apps/nautilus/preferences/desktop_font | Ferramenta de preferencias

Por exemplo, para estabelecer `Sans 12` como o tipo de letra obrigatorio para os aplicativos, execute a seguinte orde:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
      --type string \
      --set /desktop/gnome/interface/font_name "Sans 12"

Para estabelecer `palatino 12` como o tipo de letra predefinido para o escritorio, execute a seguinte orde:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults \
      --type string \
      --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/desktop_font "palatino 12"

#### To Set Background Preferences

To set preferences for the desktop background, you modify the values of the preference keys in the `/desktop/gnome/background` location. For example, to set a mandatory image for the background, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
      --type string \
      --set /desktop/gnome/background/picture_filename nome-de-ficheiro.png

Para estabelecer un valor predefinido para esta preferencia axecute a seguinte orde:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults \
      --type string \
      --set /desktop/gnome/background/picture_filename nome-de-ficheiro.png

You can also set other background preferences. For information on the other background preferences, see the `desktop_gnome_background.schemas` schema definition file.

#### To Set Splash Image Preferences

To set splash image preferences, you modify the value of the preference keys in the `/apps/gnome-session/options/` location. For example, if you do not want users ever to see a splash image, set a mandatory value as follows:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
      --type bool \
      --set /apps/gnome-session/options/show_splash_screen false

Para estabelecer un valor predefinido para esta preferencia axecute a seguinte orde:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults \
      --type bool \
      --set /apps/gnome-session/options/show_splash_screen false

You can also set other splash image preferences. For information on the other splash image preferences, see the `gnome-session.schemas` schema definition file.

### To Restore Default Preference Values

To restore the default preference values for a user, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source fonte-de-configuración-do-usuario \
      --recursive-unset

Replace `user-configuration-source` with the configuration source in the `.gconf` directory in the home directory of the user.

This command resets the values of all preference keys, in all subdirectories, from the user setting to the setting in the default configuration source.

## Personalizar os menús

The information in this chapter describes how the GNOME Desktop implements menus and how you can customize menus.

### Introdución ao menús

The GNOME Desktop implements menus according to the XDG menu specification. By supporting this specification, GNOME allows you to:

- Customize the menu hierarchy easily. You can edit a small number of files to customize the menu hierarchy. You do not need to modify your applications or move files.

- Install applications easily. You do not need to provide information about the menu hierarchy to applications when you install the applications.

- Configure menus so that users cannot modify the menus.

Menus in the GNOME Desktop use the following components:

- Ficheiros de definición de menú

- Ficheiros de entrada de escritorio

- Ficheiros de entrada de cartafol

### Ficheiros de definición de menú

Menu files define the hierarchy of menus that are used in the GNOME menu bar. By modifying these files, you can customize menus for all users, or for a single user depending on the location of the `applications.menu` file that you modify.

Menu files must reside at `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/menus/applications.menu`. If `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS`

$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS is the environment variable defined in the XDG base directory specification.

is not set, then the default path `/etc/xdg` is used. This also implies that a user specific version may be located at `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/menus/applications.menu` which is searched first. If `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` is not set, then the default path `~/.config` is used. Directories which appear first in `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS` are given precedence when there are several `applications.menu` files. The first file found is used and subsequent files are ignored.

If you are confused about the order in which paths are searched, here is a simple list for resolving the location of `applications.menu`:

1. Search each directory in `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` in order to find `menus/applications.menu`. If `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` is not set, it defaults to the `~/.config/` directory.

2. Search each directory in `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS` in order to find `menus/applications.menu`. If `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS` is not set, it defaults to the `/etc/xdg/` directory.

3. Use o primeiro ficheiro `applications.menu` que encontre.

You can see an example of a `.menu` file in example-menu. In this example, the top level menu is named `Applications`, which is specified using the `<Name>` element. The `Applications` menu contains a single submenu, but several submenus are allowed. Each submenu may also have an `<Include>` element. The purpose of the `<Include>` element is to perform a filter on the set of available desktop entries using matching rules.

For example, the `<Category>` element is a basic matching rule that selects a desktop entry only if the `Categories` key contains the content of the `<Category>` element. In the example, the `Accessories` menu will include a desktop entry only if it contains Utility but not System in the Categories key. For more information on the Categories key, see menustructure-desktopentry.

#### Example of a `.menu` file

    <!DOCTYPE Menu PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD Menu 1.0//EN"
     "http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/menu-spec/1.0/menu.dtd">
    <Menu>
      <Name>Applications</Name>
      <Directory>Applications.directory</Directory>

      <!-- Read standard .directory and .desktop file locations -->
      <DefaultAppDirs/>
      <DefaultDirectoryDirs/>

      <!-- Accessories submenu -->
      <Menu>
        <Name>Accessories</Name>
        <Directory>Accessories.directory</Directory>
        <Include>
          <And>
            <Category>Utility</Category>
            <Not>
              <Category>System</Category>
            </Not>
          </And>
        </Include>
      </Menu> <!-- End Accessories -->

      <!-- possibly more submenus -->

    </Menu> <!-- End Applications -->

A menustructure-xmlmenu describe algúns dos elementos nos ficheiros `.menu`. Para obter unha descrición máis detallada, vexa a especificación de menús XDG.

### Elementos dos ficheiros de definición de menú

Elemento | Descrición
`<Menu>` | The root element which may contain nested `<Menu>` elements that define submenus. How these elements are nested determines the menu structure.
`<Name>` | Specifies the name of the menu. Every `<Menu>` element must contain a `<Name>` element.
`<Directory>` | Specifies the name of the directory entry file that specifies the name, comment, and icon for the menu. If this element is not specified, then the `<Name>` element is to be used to display the menu name. By default, `.directory` files are searched for in the location `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/desktop-directories/` as set forth in the XDG menu specification.
`<DefaultAppDirs>` | This is an instruction which indicates that all the available desktop entries from `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/applications/` should be scanned. If this instruction is not included, then these locations are not scanned for desktop entries.
`<DefaultDirectoryDirs>` | This is an instruction which indicates that all the available directory entries from `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/desktop-directories/` should be scanned. If the instruction is not included, then these locations are not scanned for directory entries.
`<Include>` | Contains a list of matching rules by which the contents of a menu are generated. May include the `<Filename>`, `Categoría` , `E` , `<Or>`, `<Not>`, or `<All>` matching rules. If more than one rule is present, the rules are logically ORed so that desktop entries that match any rule are included.
`<Exclude>` | The opposite of `<Include>` since any desktop entries that are matched in this element are excluded from the previous set of included elements. For this reason, this element must appear after the `<Include>` element.
`<Filename>` | A matching rule that selects a entrada do escritorio when the Desktop File-Id matches the contents of the `<Filename>` element.
`Categoría` | A matching rule that selects a entrada do escritorio when the Categories key matches the contents of the `Categoría` element.
`E` | A matching rule that selects a entrada do escritorio when it is selected by all the nested matching rules in the `E` element.
`<Or>` | A matching rule that selects a entrada do escritorio when it is selected by calquera of the nested matching rules in the `<Or>` element.
`<Not>` | A matching rule that does not select a entrada do escritorio when it is selected by calquera of the nested matching rules in the `<Not>` element.
`<All>` | A matching rule which selects all desktop entries.

### Ficheiros de entrada de escritorio

A desktop entry file is a data file that provides information about an item in a menu. The desktop entry file specifies the details for the item such as a name, a command to run, an icon, and so on. It also contains keywords which determine the location of the item in the menu hierarchy.

Desktop entry files must reside in the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/applications` directory and must have a `.desktop` file extension. If `$XDG_DATA_DIRS`

$XDG_DATA_DIRS is the environment variable defined in the XDG base directory specification.

is not set, then the default path is `/usr/share` is used. This also implies that user specific desktop entries may be located at `$XDG_DATA_HOME/applications` which is searched first. If `$XDG_DATA_HOME` is not set, then the default path `~/.local/share` is used. Desktop entries are collected from all directories in the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS` environment variable. Directories which appear first in `$XDG_DATA_DIRS` are given precedence when there are several `.desktop` files with the same name.

O seguinte é un exemplo dun ficheiro de entrada de escritorio:

    [Desktop Entry]
    Encoding=UTF-8
    Name=Calculator
    Name[fr]=Calculatrice
    ...
    Comment=Perform calculations
    Comment[fr]=Effectue des calculs compliqués
    ...
    Exec=gcalctool
    Icon=accessories-calculator
    Terminal=false
    Type=Application
    StartupNotify=true
    Categories=GNOME;GTK;Utility;Calculator

menustructure-TBL-7 describes the most important keys in desktop entry files. To get more information about desktop entry files, see the XDG Desktop Entry Specification.

### Chaves de entrada de escritorio

Chave de entrada de escritorio | Descrición
`Categories` | Specifies the keywords that describe the item. The keywords are separated with semicolons (;). To see a list of the standard category keywords, see the desktop menu specification at http://www.freedesktop.org/Standards/menu-spec Menu Definition Files map desktop entries to menus by using matching rules against the Categories key.
`Comment` | Specifies a short description of the item. The comment is displayed as a tooltip when you point to the item in the menu.
`Encoding` | Especifica a codificación do ficheiro de entrada de escritorio.
`Exec` | Especifica a orde a executar cando elixa o elemento do menú.
`Icon` | Especifica o nome do ficheiro da icona que representa o elemento. Non especifica o camiño ao nome de ficheiro ou a extensión do ficheiro.
`MimeType` | Specifies the MIME types that the application can handle.
`Nome` | Specifies the name of the item. This name is displayed on the item in the menu.
`NoDisplay` | This options means This application exists, but don't display it in the menus.
`Terminal` | Specifies whether the command in the `Exec` key runs in a terminal window. If the value is `true` the command runs in a terminal window. If the command does not create a window in which to run, the value of this key must be `true`.
`Type` | Specifies the type of item. This value is one of the following: `Application`: An item that starts an application. `Link`: An item that links to a file, folder, or a remote resource (such as a FTP site, a web page, a Windows share...). `FSDevice`: An item that is a file system device. `Directory`: An item that is a Directory.

For more information on the keys in desktop entry files, see the desktop entry specification at the following URL:

        http://www.freedesktop.org/Standards/desktop-entry-spec

Panel launchers and desktop objects also use desktop entry files. The desktop entry files for launchers and desktop objects provide the same information as for items in a menu. For example, the desktop entry files provide the command to run when a user chooses the launcher or object.

### Ficheiros de entrada de cartafol

A directory entry file is a data file that provides information about a menu. The directory entry file specifies the details for the menu such as a name, a tooltip, and an icon. Directory entry files have a `.directory` file extension.

Directory entry files must reside in the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/desktop-directories` directory. If `$XDG_DATA_DIRS` is not set, then the default path is `/usr/share` is used. This also implies that user specific directory entries may be located at `$XDG_DATA_HOME/desktop-directories` which is searched first. If `$XDG_DATA_HOME` is not set, then the default path `~/.local/share` is used. Directory entries are collected from all directories in the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS` environment variable. Directories which appear first in `$XDG_DATA_DIRS` are given precedence when there are several `.directory` files with the same name.

The following is a sample directory entry file:

    [Desktop Entry]
    Name=Graphics
    Name[fr]=Graphisme
    ...
    Comment=Graphics applications
    Comment[fr]=Applications graphiques
    ...
    Icon=gnome-graphics
    Type=Directory
    Encoding=UTF-8

menustructure-TBL-15 describes the most important keys in directory entry files.

### Chaves de entrada de cartafol

Chave de entrada de cartafol | Descrición
`Nome` | Especifica o nome do menú. Este nome móstrase no menú.
`Comment` | Especifica unha descrición corta do menú. O comentario móstrase como un consello cando posición o rato sobre o menú.
`Icon` | Especifica o nome do ficheiro da icona que representa o menú. Non especifica o camiño ao nome de ficheiro ou a extensión do ficheiro.
`Type` | Specifies the type of menu. The value of this key is always `Directory`.

### Editar menús do sistema

Pode editar os ficheiros de configuración do menú e ficheiros de datos do menú manualmente para personalizar menús.

#### Engadir menús

Para engadir un menú para todos os usuarios, realice os seguintes pasos:

1. Create a directory entry file for the item that you want to add. Place the directory entry file in the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/desktop-directories` directory. For more information on directory entry files, see menustructure-14.

2. Locate the `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/menus/applications.menu` file.

3. In the `.menu` file, add a `<Menu>` element for the new menu. For more information on `.menu` files, see menustructure-13.

4. Create a `<Name>` element below `<Menu>`. The content of the element should contain the name for the menu.

5. Create a `<Directory>` element below `<Menu>`. The content of the element should contain the name of the directory entry file.

6. See menustructure-4 for how to add an item to the menu.

The next time that users log in, the menu should appear in the menu bar.

##### Falta un menú?

If you did not specify any matching rules in the `<Include>` element, or if the rule did not match any desktop entries, then you may not see the menu in the menu bar.

#### Adding an Item to a Menu

Para engadir un elemento a un menú para todos os usuarios, realice os seguintes pasos:

1. Create a desktop entry file for the item that you want to add. For more information on desktop entry files, see menustructure-desktopentry.

2. Place the desktop entry file in the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/applications` folder.

3. Locate the `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/menus/applications.menu` file.

4. Verify that a `<Menu>` element contains an `<Include>` element with a matching rule that selects the desktop entry file made in step 1.

The next time that users log in, the menu item is in the assigned location.

#### Editar as propiedades dun menú

To edit the properties of a menu for all users, perform the following steps:

1. Locate the `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/menus/applications.menu` file.

2. Find the `<Menu>` entry in this file that corresponds to the menu you want to modify. Note the filename of the directory entry in the `<Directory>` element.

3. Locate the directory entry for this menu. Modify the contents to change the properties of the menu. For more information on `.directory` files, see menustructure-14.

#### Editar un elemento de menú

Para editar un elemento de menú, realice os pasos seguintes:

1. Locate the desktop entry in the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/applications` directory that corresponds to the menu item.

2. Edit the desktop entry to change the properties of the menu item. For more information on desktop entry files, see menustructure-desktopentry.

#### Eliminar un elemento do menú

Para borrar un elemento dun menú para todos os usuarios.

1. Locate the `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/menus/applications.menu` file.

2. Find the `<Menu>` element in this file that contains the desktop entry you want to delete.

3. Insert an `<Exclude>` element after the closing tag for the `<Include>` element. Make sure this is in the `<Menu>` element determined in step 2.

4. Insert the `<Filename>` matching rule as a subelement of `<Exclude>` to specifically exclude a desktop entry.

O elemento do menú non se mostra no menú a próxima vez que os usuarios inicien a súa sesión. O menustructure-deleteitem mostra como se realizou isto no ficheiro `applications.menu`. A entrada de escritorio para `dasher.desktop` está especificada excluída do menú de accesibilidade.

##### Eliminar un elemento do menú

    <!-- ... -->

      <Menu>
        <Name>Accessibility</Name>
        <Directory>Accessibility.directory</Directory>
        <Include>
          <And>
            <Category>Accessibility</Category>
            <Not><Category>Settings</Category></Not>
          </And>
        </Include>
        <Exclude>
          <Filename>dasher.desktop</Filename>
        </Exclude>
      </Menu>

    <!-- ... -->

### Editar os menús do usuario e mesturar menús

Pode usar os seguintes aplicativos do Escritorio GNOME para editar menús para os usuarios:

- Editor de menús de GNOME

A simple menu editor is available for users to edit their menus. For more information, see Working With Menus in the GNOME User Guide. Alternatively, you can manually create and edit a user menu file.

To manually create a custom menu for a user, the `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/menus/applications.menu` must exist. In the case that `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` is not set, the default `~/.config` directory is used. Since this is the first location that is searched for the `applications.menu` file, it takes precedence over all other menu files.

User menus can contain all the elements described in menustructure-13. For a complete list of the elements allowed, see the XDG menu specification.

Since user menu files take precedence over the system menu file, it will completely replace the system menu unless it explicitly merges the system menu. Information on menu merging is available in the following subsections.

#### Mesturar o menú do sistema

Often, a user only wants to add or delete menu items in addition to the standard system menu. To support single changes like these, it is recommended that you use the `<MergeFile>` element with the attribute `type="parent"` within the user's `applications.menu` file.

The `<MergeFile>` element allows a menu to be merged with the contents of the user's menu file. When you specify the attribute `type="parent"`, then the contents of the `<MergeFile>` element are ignored and the next `applications.menu` file in the `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/menus` directory is used for merging.

##### Especificacións antigas

Older specifications did not include the `type` attribute and simply required the location of the menu file to be merged as the content of the `<MergeFile>` element. As a result, you may still see a location specified in the contents of `<MergeFile>`, even when `type="parent"`.

A mestura realízase como segue:

- The children of the root `<Menu>` element in the merged menu file

  Merged menu file refers to the next `applications.menu` in the `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/menus` directory.

  are substituted for the `<MergeFile>` element in the base menu file.

- All child `<Menu>` elements with the same name are consolidated into a single `<Menu>` element. This is by done appending all child elements of each `<Menu>` element with the same name into the last occurrence of the menu element.

menustructure-systemmerge shows an example of a user menu file explicitly merging the system menu file.

##### Mesturar o menú do sistema

    <!DOCTYPE Menu PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD Menu 1.0//EN"
     "http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/menu-spec/menu-1.0.dtd">

    <Menu>
      <Name>Applications</Name>
      <MergeFile type="parent">/etc/xdg/menus/applications.menu</MergeFile>
      <Menu>
        <Name>Accessibility</Name>
        <Exclude>
          <Filename>dasher.desktop</Filename>
        </Exclude>
      </Menu>
    </Menu>

#### Mesturar menús arbitrarios

Arbitrary menu files can be merged in much the same way as system menus. The difference is that the `type` attribute must be set to `path` or must be excluded from the `<MergeFile>` element in order to do this type of merge.

The merge is performed in the same way except that the location of the merged menu file is specified in the contents of the `<MergeFile>` element.

## Instalar temas

This chapter describes themes, the theme settings that are available in the GNOME Desktop, how to install options for theme settings, and how to create a custom option.

### Introdución aos Temas

A theme is a group of coordinated settings that specifies the visual appearance of a part of the GNOME Desktop. Users can choose themes to change the appearance of the GNOME Desktop.

A theme contains settings that affect different parts of the GNOME Desktop, as follows:

Controis

- The controls setting for a theme determines the visual appearance of windows, panels, and applets. The controls setting also determines the visual appearance of the GNOME-compliant interface items that appear on windows, panels, and applets, such as menus, icons, and buttons. Some of the controls setting options that are available are designed for special accessibility needs. Users can choose an option for the controls setting from the Controls tabbed section in the Theme preference tool.

Borde da xanela

- The window frame setting for a theme determines the appearance of the frames around windows only. Users can choose an option for the window frame setting from the Window Border tabbed section in the Theme preference tool.

Icon

- The icon setting for a theme determines the appearance of the icons on panels and the desktop background. Users can choose an option for the icon setting from the Icons tabbed section in the Theme preference tool.

### Theme Index File

Each theme has an index file which defines the characteristics of the theme. The name of the index file is `/usr/share/themes/`theme-name`/index.theme`.

The following is a sample theme index file:

    [Desktop Entry]
    Type=X-GNOME-Metatheme
    Name=High Contrast Large
    Name[es]=Alto contraste grande
    Comment=Large black-on-white text and icons
    Comment[es]=Textos e iconos grandes en negro sobre blanco
    Encoding=UTF-8

    [X-GNOME-Metatheme]
    GtkTheme=HighContrastLargePrint
    IconTheme=HighContrast
    MetacityTheme=Atlanta
    ApplicationFont=sans 18

The following table describes the keys in theme index files:

### Keys in Theme Index Files

ficheiro índice chave | Descrición
`Type` | Specifies that this theme determines the appearance of several theme options, such as controls, window frames, and icons.
`Nome` | The name of the theme. This is the name of the theme that is displayed in the Theme preference tool.
`Comment` | A brief description of the theme. This is the text that is displayed under the name of the theme in the Theme preference tool.
`GtkTheme` | Corresponds to the controls setting in the Theme preference tool. Specifies which controls setting option to apply to windows, panels, and applets.
`IconTheme` | Corresponds to the icons setting in the Theme preference tool. Specifies which icons setting option to apply to panels and the desktop background.
`MetacityTheme` | Corresponds to the window frame setting in the Theme preference tool. Specifies which window frame setting option to apply to windows.
`ApplicationFont` | Corresponds to the application font setting in the Font preference tool.

### Instalar unha nova opción de controis

You can add a new option for the controls setting in the Theme preference tool. Controls options reside in the `/usr/share/themes` directory. The typical structure of a controls option in the file system is as follows:

Ficheiro de opcións

- `/usr/share/themes/`nome-da-opción`/gtk-2.0/gtkrc`

Ficheiros de imaxe

- `/usr/share/themes/`nome-da-opción`/pixmaps/*.*`

Typically, a new option for the controls setting is supplied as a `.tar.gz` file. To install the new controls option, unzip the `.tar.gz` file, then untar the `.tar` file into the `/usr/share/themes` directory.

Users can install their own options for the controls setting. If a user installs an option for the controls setting, the option is stored in the `$HOME/.themes` directory.

### To Install a New Window Frame Option

You can add a new option for the window frame setting in the Theme preference tool. Window frame options reside in the `/usr/share/themes/`option-name`/metacity-1` directory. The typical structure of a window frame option in the file system is as follows:

Ficheiro de opcións

- `/usr/share/themes/`nome-da-opción`/metacity-1/metacity-theme-1.xml`

Ficheiros de imaxe

- `/usr/share/themes/`nome-da-opción`/metacity-1/*.*`

Typically, a new option for the window frame setting is supplied as a `.tar.gz` file. To install the new window frame option, unzip the `.tar.gz` file, then untar the `.tar` file into the `/usr/share/themes` directory.

Users can install their own options for the window frame setting. If a user installs an option for the window frame setting, the option is stored in the `$HOME/.themes` directory.

### Instalar novas opcións de iconas

You can add a new option for the icons setting in the Theme preference tool. Icons options reside in the `/usr/share/icons/`option-name`` directory. The typical structure of an icons option in the file system is as follows:

Ficheiro de opcións

- `/usr/share/icons/`nome-da-opción``

Ficheiros de imaxe

- `/usr/share/icons/`nome-da-opción`/icons/*.*`

Typically, a new option for the icons setting is supplied as a `.tar.gz` file. To install the new icons option, unzip the `.tar.gz` file, then untar the `.tar` file into the `/usr/share/icons` directory.

Users can install their own options for the icons setting. If a user installs an option for the icons setting, the option is stored in the `$HOME/.icons/`option-name`` directory.

### Instalar iconas para temas

The GNOME Desktop provides several themes that are designed for users with special visual needs. For example, some of the themes are designed for users with low vision. Several versions of icons might be required so that the icon can be displayed properly in each theme.

You might need to install a new icon for an application. When you install a new icon, you must create several versions of the icon, so that the icon displays correctly in the themes. You must create several versions of the following types of icon:

- Icons that are used within applications in the GNOME Desktop.

- Icons that are used internally by GTK+ applications, or GTK+ stock icons.

When you install a new icon, you must create several versions of the icon, so that the icon displays correctly in the themes. You can create the icons in several formats, for example Portable Network Graphic (PNG) format. The suggested size of icons for the desktop environment is 48 pixels by 48 pixels. At this size, most themes can rescale the icons.

When you install a new icon, create the following 48 pixel by 48 pixel versions of the icon:

- Icona regular

- Icona de baixo contraste

- Icona de alto contraste

- Icona de alto contraste inverso

If possible, create 16 pixel by 16 pixel versions of the each of the icons above also, for themes that do not require large print.

Install the icons to the image files location that is specified for the theme in themes-3 or themes-5. For example, to add icons to the HighContrastLargePrint theme, add the icons to the `/usr/share/themes/HighContrastLargePrint/pixmaps` directory. Add references to the icons to the relevant theme files. For example, to add icons to the HighContrastLargePrint theme, add references to the icons to the `/usr/share/themes/HighContrastLargePrint/gtk-2.0/gtkrc` file. Modify the `gtkrc` file for the theme to associate the icon with a GTK stock icon identifier.

For more information on how to create icons for application launchers and for panels, see http://www.freedesktop.org/Standards/icon-theme-spec.

### To Create a Custom Controls Option

If the options for the controls setting are not suitable for the needs of your users, you can create a custom controls option. To create a custom controls option, perform the following steps:

1. Create a directory structure for the option in the `/usr/share/themes` directory. Use the same directory structure that other options use. For example, to create an option that is called SmallPrint, create the following directories:

   - `/usr/share/themes/SmallPrint`

   - `/usr/share/themes/SmallPrint/gtk-2.0`

2. Locate the `gtkrc` file that is closest to meeting the needs of your users. Copy the file to the `gtk-2.0` directory of your new option.

3. Open the `gtkrc` file in a text editor, and modify the attributes of the interface elements as required.

4. If the new option includes images, install the images for the new option in the `pixmaps` directory of your new option. If the new option uses images from another option, you do not need to create copies of the images for the new option. Instead, ensure that the reference to the images in the `pixmap_path` entry in the `gtkrc` file is correct.

Users can now choose the new option for the controls setting.

For more information on `gtkrc` files, see http://developer.gnome.org/doc/API/2.0/gtk/index.html.

## Configurar tipos de letra

Este capítulo describe como configurar os tipos de letra no Escritorio GNOME.

### Introduction to Configuring Fonts

GNOME Desktop uses the `fontconfig` font configuration and customization library. The `fontconfig` library can use all kinds of fonts, including PostScript Type 1 fonts and TrueType fonts.

The `fontconfig` library provides a list of all the fonts available on a GNOME Desktop system. To compile this list, `fontconfig` searches the directories listed in the `/etc/fonts/fonts.conf` file. To view all the fonts available on a system, access the `fonts:///` location in the file manager on the system.

For more information about the `fontconfig` library, see the following URL:

          http://freedesktop.org/software/fontconfig

### Substitución de tipos de letra

The `fontconfig` library performs font substitution when either entire fonts, or individual characters, are not present. If the system needs to display a font that is not available, `fontconfig` attempts to display another, similar font. For example, if a web page requests to display the Verdana font, and that font is not installed on the system, `fontconfig` displays a similar font, such as Helvetica. The list of similar fonts is defined in the `/etc/fonts/fonts.conf` file.

If the system needs to display a character that is not present in the selected font, `fontconfig` attempts to display the character in another, similar font. For example, you might select Bitstream Vera Sans as the font for the Text Editor application. The Bitstream Vera font family does not include Cyrillic characters. If you open a document which contains a Cyrillic character, Text Editor uses a similar font that includes Cyrillic characters to display the character.

The `fontconfig` library also defines aliases for fonts, for example, `serif`, `sans-serif`, and `monospace`. When you select one of the aliases for a font, the system uses the first font that is defined for that alias in the `/etc/fonts/fonts.conf`.

### To Add a Font for All Users

To add a font for all users, perform the following steps:

1. Copy the font file to one of the directories in the `/etc/fonts/fonts.conf` file. Typically, fonts are stored in the `/usr/share/fonts/` directory.

2. The `fontconfig` library updates the list of fonts automatically. If the list of fonts is not updated, run the following command:

       fc-cache nome-do-cartafol

### To Add a Font for an Individual User

To add a font for an individual users, perform the following steps:

1. Copy the font file to the `$HOME/.fonts` directory of the user. If you drag the font file to the `fonts:///` location in the file manager, the font file is copied to the `$HOME/.fonts` directory.

2. The `fontconfig` library updates the list of fonts automatically. If the list of fonts is not updated, run the following command:

       fc-cache nome-do-cartafol

## Tipos MIME

This chapter describes how applications detect MIME types, how to register MIME types, and how to add applications to the GNOME Desktop.

The purpose of this chapter is to make it easy for an administrator to understand how to configure different parts of the MIME database and give an general overview of the MIME system. Therefore we will not attempt to go into details where it is not necessary. For the gory details, it is recommended that you refer to the XDG shared mime info specification.

### Introduction to MIME Types

A Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension [MIME] type identifies the format of a file. Applications such as Internet browsers and email applications use the MIME type of a file to decide which actions to perform on it. For example, an email application can use the MIME type to detect the format of an attachment and choose an appropriate viewer for the file, such as opening a text document with gedit.

As another example, the Nautilus file manager needs to know the MIME type of a file to perform the following tasks:

- Open the file in an appropriate application.

- Display a string that describes the type of file.

- Display an appropriate icon to represent the file.

- Display a list of other applications that can open the file.

MIME types were originally proposed as a standard for identifying the message body of an e-mail message. Now, many systems use MIME types to identify the format of arbitrary files on the file system. MIME types are composed of a top-level media type followed by a subtype identifier, separated by a forward slash character, `/`. One example of a MIME type is `image/jpeg`. The media type in this example is `image` and the subtype identifier is `jpeg`. The top-level media type is meant to be a general categorization about the content of the file, while the subtype identifer is meant to specifically identify the format of the file.

There are eight media types currently blessed by the IANA [Internet Assigned Naming Authority]. These eight media types are

- aplicativo
- son
- imaxe
- mensaxe
- modelo
- multiparte
- texto
- vídeo

. Many subtypes exist for each media type; for more information, see MIME Media Types at the IANA web site.

Implementation of MIME types in GNOME follows the XDG shared mime info specification. This specification provides the following advantages:

- Standard locations for all MIME related files.

- A standard way for applications to register information about a new MIME type.

- A standard way to retrieve the MIME type for a file.

- A standard way to retrieve information about a MIME type.

The rest of the chapter describes the files and directories that make up the MIME database, details about source XML files, how to create or modify MIME types, how to register applications as handlers for certain MIME types and finally, how to add an application to the GNOME desktop.

### The MIME Database

The MIME database is a collection of files that make up:

- The set of known MIME types

- The method for determing the MIME type of a file

- Meta information regarding a MIME type, such as a human readable description to use when displaying files of this type.

#### Localización

As an administrator, the most important and basic step to understanding the MIME system is learning the locations where these files are stored. Since the XDG shared mime info specification was drafted by the X Desktop Group, it also makes use of the XDG base directory specification. It is highly recommended that you familiarize yourself with this specification, as it is also important for other system administration tasks such as editing menus. A brief summary of the directory locations as pertaining to the MIME specification is given below.

The MIME database is created from the set of files located in the `$XDG_DATA_HOME/mime` and `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/mime` directories. If these environment variables are unset, then they default to the values `~/.local/share` and `/usr/local/share:/usr/share` respectively. As can be seen from the default value for `$XDG_DATA_DIRS` , each environment variable is actually a colon separated list of directories. The user's database at `$XDG_DATA_HOME/mime` has precedence over the system database at `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/mime` when conflicting definitions are encountered. Similar to the XDG shared mime specification, we will refer to this set of directories as `<MIME>` in the rest of this document.

For example, assuming default paths for the environment variables, Load `<MIME>/text/plain.xml` means to load the following files:

- `~/.local/share/mime/text/plain.xml`

- `/usr/local/share/mime/text/plain.xml`

- `/usr/share/mime/text/plain.xml`

#### Contido

The following is a list of directories and files that are found inside the MIME database along with brief descriptions:

`<MIME>/packages/`

- This directory contains any number of XML files, each of which describe a collection of MIME types. By default, the `freedesktop.org.xml` file is installed in the `/usr/share/mime/packages` directory. This file contains all the default MIME types that are widely used and recognized.

  Applications which provide information about new MIME types are to install a single new XML file here. Depending on the prefix where the application is installed, it will create the file in the `/mime/package` subdirectory of one of the directories in `$XDG_DATA_HOME:$XDG_DATA_DIRS`. For example, an application installed to `/usr/bin` should install a new source XML file to the `/usr/share/mime/packages` directory. For more information about the XML files in the `packages` directory, please see mimetypes-source-xml.

`<MIME>/`MEDIA`/`SUBTYPE`.xml`

- These directories and files are automatically generated from the collection of source XML files in the `<MIME>/packages/` subdirectory by the update-mime-database application. For example, for each `mime-type` element in the `/usr/share/mime/packages/freedesktop.org.xml` file, a directory is created at `/usr/share/mime/` with the media type of the MIME type. An XML file is created in that directory with the subtype identifier of that MIME type as well. The contents of the created XML file include comments (and translations for them), subclasses designations and aliases.

  ##### Exemplo: ficheiro `/usr/share/mime/text/plain.xml`

      <?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
      <mime-type xmlns="http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/shared-mime-info" type="text/plain">
      <!--Created automatically by update-mime-database. DO NOT EDIT!-->
        <comment>plain text document</comment>
        <!-- possibly more translations -->
        <comment xml:lang="es">documento de texto sencillo</comment>
        <comment xml:lang="eu">testu soileko dokumentua</comment>
        <comment xml:lang="fi">perustekstiasiakirja</comment>
        <comment xml:lang="fr">document plein texte</comment>
        <!-- possibly more translations -->
      </mime-type>

  This file is generated by the update-mime-database application, using the default source XML file `freedesktop.org.xml`.

`<MIME>/globs`

- Contains one line with a MIME type and a glob pattern, separated by a colon. Files which match the glob pattern are resolved to the MIME type specified before the colon. There are special rules about how filenames are matched by the glob pattern; for more details see the XDG shared mime specification.

  This file is also generated by the update-mime-database application, using the default source XML file `freedesktop.org.xml`.

`<MIME>/magic`

- A binary file which contains information on how to resolve MIME types by sniffing the content of the file. This is generally a set of one or more rules such as check for the string `%PDF-` at byte offset 0 in the file; if found, assign it the MIME type `application/pdf`.

  This file is also generated by the update-mime-database application.

`<MIME>/XMLnamespaces`

- Contains a mapping of XML namespaces to MIME types. Each line contains three fields, the namespace, the localName and the MIME type. Each field is separated by a space. If the localName is empty, then there are two spaces between the namespace and the MIME type.

  This file is also generated by the update-mime-database application.

`<MIME>/aliases`

- Contains a list of aliases for each MIME type. An alias is simply a MIME type that is sometimes known as another type. For each line in this file there are two fields: the first field is the alias name, and the second field is the MIME type. The fields are separated by a space.

  This file is also generated by the update-mime-database application.

`<MIME>/subclasses`

- Contains a list of subclassed MIME types and their parent MIME type. From the XDG shared mime specification:

  > A type is a subclass of another type if any instance of the first type is also an instance of the second. For example, all image/svg files are also text/xml, text/plain and application/octet-stream files. Subclassing is about the format, rather than the catagory of the data (for example, there is no 'generic spreadsheet' class that all spreadsheets inherit from).

  The format of this file is similar to the `aliases` file. Each line contains two fields, where the first field is the subclassed MIME type and the second field is the parent MIME type. Each field is separated by a space.

  This file is also generated by the update-mime-database application.

#### Actualizar a base de datos MIME

Understanding how to refresh the MIME database is important for administrators who wish to add new MIME types to the system, or otherwise modify information about a MIME type. The application update-mime-database is intended for this purpose.

For example, if an application installs information about a new MIME type to `/usr/share/mime/packages/diff.xml`, then update-mime-database must be called with the parameter `/usr/share/mime`.

    # update-mime-database /usr/share/mime
    ***
    * Updating MIME database in /usr/share/mime...
    ***

The MIME database is refreshed by scanning all the source XML files in the directory `<MIME>/packages`.

### Os ficheiros fonte XML

Located in the `<MIME>/packages` directory, these XML files provide all the information regarding MIME types that is installed into the database by the update-mime-database application. There are a few rules about the XML file itself:

- It must specify the namespace as `http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/shared-mime-info`

- The root element must be `mime-info`

- Zero or more `mime-type` elements can be specified as children of the `mime-info` element. The `type` attribute is used to specify the MIME type that is being defined.

By default, the `freedesktop.org.xml` file is installed to the `packages` directory in one of the `<MIME>` paths (usually `/usr/share/mime/packages`).

mimetypes-mimeinfo-elements gives a brief description for each of the elements that can occur as children to the `mime-type` element.

### Child elements of `<mime-type>`

Element (and attributes) | Descrición
`<glob pattern="`*.xyz`">` | This element specifies a glob pattern against filenames. If the filename matches, then it is assigned the MIME type of the parent `mime-type` element. The `pattern` attribute is mandatory.
`<magic priority="`50`">` | This element contains a list of `coincidentes` elements as its children. The `priority` attribute is optional, and specifies a priority between 0 and 100, with 100 being the highest matching priority. Each child `coincidentes` element has three required attributes: `type` `offset` `valor` and a fourth optional attribute, `mask`. For details on these attributes, see the XDG shared mime info specification.
`<alias type="`media`/`subtype`">` | This element defines an alias for the parent `mime-type` element. An alias is simply a MIME type that is sometimes known as another type. For example, `application/x-pdf` is an alias for the MIME type `application/pdf`.
`<sub-class-of type="`media`/`subtype`">` | This element defines the parent `mime-type` element as a subclass of the MIME type specified in the `type` attribute. For example, `image/svg` is a sub class of the MIME type `text/xml`, `text/plain`, and `application/octet-stream`.
`<comment xml:lang="`locale`">` | This element provides a human readable description for the MIME type. There can be zero or more occurrences of this element as long as each one contains a unique value for the `xml:lang` attribute.
`<root-XML namespaceURI="`namespace`" localName="">` | If a file is determined to an XML file, then this element helps to further classify it through the use of the `namespaceURI` and `localName` attributes, both of which are required. The attribute `namespaceURI` is the namespace of the document, and `localName` is the name of the root element for the document. If `localName` is present but its value is empty, then the root element may have any name, but the namespace must still match.

The easiest way to understand these files is to take a look at an example. Borrowing from the XDG shared mime specification, mimetypes-source-xml-example displays the contents of a source XML file called `diff.xml`. This example defines the MIME type `text/x-diff`. There are multiple `comment` elements which give a human readable name to the MIME type in a number of different languages. This MIME type has both rules for matching through glob patterns and through the use of content sniffing (better known as `magic` rules). Any file with the extension `.diff` or `.patch` will resolve to this MIME type. Additionally any file whose contents start with the strings specified in the `value` attributes of the `match` element, will resolve to the `text/x-diff` MIME type.

The order in which glob patterns and magic rules apply is beyond the scope of this document. For details on this, see the XDG shared mime info specification.

#### Example of a source XML file: `diff.xml`

    <?xml version='1.0'?>
    <mime-info xmlns='http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/shared-mime-info'>
      <mime-type type="text/x-diff">
        <comment>Differences between files</comment>
        <comment xml:lang="af">verskille tussen lêers</comment>
        <!-- more translated comment elements -->
        <magic priority="50">
          <match type="string" offset="0" value="diff\t"/>
          <match type="string" offset="0" value="***\t"/>
          <match type="string" offset="0" value="Common subdirectories: "/>
        </magic>
        <glob pattern="*.diff"/>
        <glob pattern="*.patch"/>
      </mime-type>
    </mime-info>

### Modificar tipos MIME

You should never directly modify the source XML files that are installed to the `<MIME>/packages` directory by applications. Instead, modify the `Overrides.xml` file. This file has precedence over all other source XML files installed into the same `packages` directory. If you are an application author, then this rule does not apply. You should create a new source XML file and place it in the proper `<MIME>/packages` directory (your `Makefile` will take care of this, of course).

You can modify the MIME database for all users on the system or for a particular user depending on the location of the file you change. To modify the database for all users, make changes to the file `Overrides.xml` in the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/mime/packages` directory. To modify the database for a single user, make changes to the file `Overrides.xml` in the `$XDG_DATA_HOME/mime/packages` directory.

After changes are made, you must always run the update-mime-database application, with the directory location of the MIME database as the first parameter.

#### Engadir ou modificar tipos MIME

Para engadir un ou máis tipos MIME para todos os usuarios:

1. Create or modify an existing `Overrides.xml` source XML file, containing the definitions for the MIME types. For more information, see mimetypes-source-xml.

2. Place the `Overrides.xml` file in the `/usr/share/mime/packages` directory.

3. Update the MIME database by running update-mime-database using the system account.

       update-mime-database /usr/share/mime

To add one or more MIME types for a single user, follow the same steps, except place your `Overrides.xml` file in the `~/.local/share/mime/packages` directory. Additionally, call update-mime-database with `~/.local/share/mime/packages` as the first parameter.

#### Comprobar os cambios

After you have made a change to the MIME database and refreshed its contents, you can verify that the change has taken effect using the gnomevfs-info application. This application prints the MIME type and other useful information about a file.

Running gnomevfs-info on a SVG file gives you the output shown below. You'll notice the default application for this MIME type is `eog.desktop`; We will discuss default applications in mimetypes-registering.

    $ gnomevfs-info mime-diagram.svg
    Name              : mime-diagram.svg
    Type              : Regular
    MIME type         : image/svg+xml
    Default app       : eog.desktop
    Size              : 14869
    Blocks            : 32
    I/O block size    : 4096
    Local             : YES
    SUID              : NO
    SGID              : NO
    Sticky            : NO
    Permissions       : 600644
    Link count        : 1
    UID               : 1000
    GID               : 100
    Access time       : Wed Feb 22 18:24:47 2006
    Modification time : Wed Feb 22 18:24:42 2006
    Change time       : Wed Feb 22 18:24:42 2006
    Device #          : 775
    Inode #           : 297252
    Readable          : YES
    Writable          : YES
    Executable        : NO
    $

mimetypes-newtype-example walks through the steps of creating a new MIME type and then verifying the changes using gnomevfs-info.

#### `application/x-newtype` Example

To create (or override) a MIME type and verify the changes:

1. Make a new, empty file in your home directory called `testing.xyz`.

2. Use gnomevfs-info on the file to find out the MIME type.The MIME type for this file should be detected as `text/plain` because there are not any glob patterns or magic rules that match it

   When no glob patterns or magic rules match a file, then it is resolved to the MIME type `text/plain` if it contains textual data or `application/octet-stream` for binary data. If the file is empty, then it defaults to `text/plain`.

   .

3. Create (or modify) the `Overrides.xml` file as described in mimetypes-addmodify with the contents given in mimetypes-overrides-xml.

4. Refresh the database using update-mime-database.

5. Use gnomevfs-info to verify that your change has taken effect. You should see the MIME type for the `testing.xyz` file resolved as `application/x-newtype`.

       $ gnomevfs-info proba.xyz | grep MIME
       MIME type         : application/x-newtype
       $

##### Ficheiro `Overrides.xml`

    <?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
    <mime-info xmlns="http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/shared-mime-info">
      <mime-type type="application/x-newtype"><comment>new mime type</comment><glob pattern="*.xyz"/></mime-type>
    </mime-info>

### Registering Applications for MIME Types

Registering applications to handle MIME types is fairly straightforward. Applications are registered by creating a `MimeType` key in their `.desktop` entry file and listing each MIME type separated by a semicolon. The `MimeType` key should only be used in `.desktop` files whose `Type` key has the value `Application`. For more information on `.desktop` files, see menustructure-desktopentry.

After creating or modifying a `.desktop` entry file, you must update the application database using the update-desktop-database application (very similar to update-mime-database, except it does not take a parameter). This will create a `mimeinfo.cache` file in the `applications` subdirectory for each directory in `$XDG_DATA_HOME:$XDG_DATA_DIRS`. The cache file is necessary so that all the `.desktop` files do not need to be scanned for just the `MimeType` key, as this causes unnecessary disk I/O.

Default applications to use for specific MIME types should be specified in a file called `defaults.list`. This file is located in the `applications` subdirectory for each directory in `$XDG_DATA_HOME` and `$XDG_DATA_DIRS`. The format for this file consists of the MIME type, the `=` symbol and the Desktop File ID (which is the filename for the desktop entry file). mimetypes-registering-example is a short example of a `defaults.list` file in a user's `~/.local/share/applications` directory.

#### A User's `defaults.list` file

    [Default Applications]
    application/pdf=evince.desktop
    text/html=epiphany.desktop
    text/plain=gedit.desktop
    image/jpeg=eog.desktop
    image/png=eog.desktop
    text/xml=gedit.desktop

#### XDG Desktop Entry Specification

How to register MIME types for applications is part of the XDG desktop entry specification, rather than the XDG shared mime info specification.

### Adding an Application to the GNOME Desktop

To add an application to the GNOME Desktop, perform the following steps:

1. Add a menu item for the application. For more information on how to add an item to a menu, see menustructure-2.

2. Add an icon for the application to `/usr/share/icons/`theme-name`/`icon-size`/apps`. For more information on icons and themes, see themes-11.

3. If the application uses a new MIME type, add a source XML file to the MIME database. For more information, see mimetypes-modifying.

4. If the application uses a new MIME type, add an icon for the MIME type to `/usr/share/icons/`theme-name`/`icon-size`/mimetypes`. For more information on icons and themes, see themes-0.

5. To associate the application with a MIME type, include a `MimeType` key in your `.desktop` file. For more information, see mimetypes-registering.

## Estabelecer o protector de pantallas

This chapter describes how to set preferences for the screensaver. This chapter also provides information on how to modify the displays that are available for the screensaver.

### Introduction to Screensavers

A screensaver is an application that replaces the image on a screen when the screen is not in use. The screensaver application for the GNOME Desktop is gnome-screensaver. The following sections describe how to set preferences for the gnome-screensaver application, and how to change the themes that are available for the screensaver.

### Setting Screensaver Preferences

All screensaver preferences and settings are stored in GConf.

To modify screensaver application preferences, users can use the Screensaver preference tool. For information on screensaver preferences, see GNOME Desktop User's Guide.

Users can also run the command `/usr/bin/gnome-screensaver-preferences` to open the Screensaver Preferences dialog.

To set default screensaver settings and policy for all users, modify the screensaver settings in the Default GConf Configuration Source.

To set mandatory screensaver settings and policy for all users, modify the screensaver settings in the Mandatory GConf Configuration Source.

### Modifying Screensaver Themes

The screensaver application allows users to choose one or more screensaver themes. A screensaver theme is an application that displays images on the screen of the user when the screen is not in use. The available screensaver themes are listed in the Screensaver preference tool.

To add a new screensaver theme, copy the executable file for the screensaver theme engine to somewhere in your PATH or into the screensaver theme engine executable directory. The screensaver theme engine executable directory for your system can be determined using the following command:

    pkg-config --variable=privlibexecdir gnome-screensaver

Next, add a `.desktop` file for the theme into the screensaver themes directory. The screensaver themes directory for your system can be determined using the following command:

    pkg-config --variable=themesdir gnome-screensaver

In the Exec field of the `.desktop` file include any arguments that are required to run the screensaver theme on the whole screen, rather than in a window. For example, some legacy screensaver theme engines may require you to include the `-root` option to display the screensaver display on the whole screen.

The Screensaver infrastructure implements themes according to the XDG menu specification. By supporting this specification, GNOME allows you to:

- Customize the themes easily. You can edit a small number of files to customize the available themes. You do not need to modify your applications or move files.

- Install themes easily. You do not need to provide information about the system when you install the themes.

- Configure the system so that users cannot modify the themes.

For more information, see menustructure-0.

## Session Management

This chapter introduces session management, and describes how to set session defaults. The chapter also contains information on sessions and login scripts.

### Introduction to Sessions

A session occurs between the time that a user logs in to the GNOME Desktop and the time that the user logs out. The session manager starts after the Login Manager authenticates the user. The session manager enables the user to manage the session. For example, a user can save the state of a session and return to that session the next time that the user logs in.

At a minimum, the following applications run in a session:

- The session manager, `gnome-session`.

- The GConf X settings daemon, `gnome-settings-daemon`.

- The gnome-panel application, which runs the panels in the GNOME Desktop.

- The Metacity window manager.

### Setting Session Defaults

The following table lists the files that contain default session information:

File | Descrición
`/usr/share/gnome/default.session` | Default session file. Default session details are stored in this file.
`$HOME/.gnome2/session` | User session file. When a user modifies the session, the details are stored in this file.

To set default session details for all users, modify the default session file.

To restore the default session settings for a user, delete the session file from the home directory of the user. If no user session file is present, the default settings in `/usr/share/gnome/default.session` are used.

To save the current session as the default session, users can run the `gnome-session-save` command.

## Help System

This chapter describes the Help system in the GNOME Desktop.

### Introduction to the Help System

The GNOME Desktop displays help in the Yelp Help browser. For more information, see Yelp Help Browser in the GNOME Desktop User Guide.

The source documents for the help are XML files. The XML files are written to the DocBook XML Version 4.1.2 document type definition (DTD). The DocBook XML files are converted to HTML using stylesheets installed with gnome-doc-utils and the HTML is displayed in the help browser. For more information on DocBook XML, see the following URL:

          http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml

The Help system uses Open Source Metadata Framework (OMF) files, and a cataloging system. The next sections describe OMF files and the cataloging system.

### OMF Files

The XML file for each manual has an associated OMF file. The OMF file contains information about the manual that is used by the Help browser. OMF files have a `.omf` extension.

When you install an application, the installation process installs an OMF file to a directory of OMF files. If a Help document has an associated OMF file in an OMF file directory, the Help document is displayed in the Help browser.

OMF files contain information about Help documents such as the following:

- The location of the XML file for the Help document

- The title of the Help document

- A subject category to which the Help document belongs

For more information on how to create OMF files, please see Writing Scrollkeeper OMF Files.

### ScrollKeeper Cataloging System

ScrollKeeper is a cataloging system for documentation. Its primary function is to manage the information in OMF files for the help browser. When you install an application, the OMF file is copied to the ``$prefix`/share/omf/`<application-name>`` directory.

ScrollKeeper builds a table of contents from the collection of OMF files in the directories specified in ``$prefix`/etc/scrollkeeper.conf` file. This file usually consists of a single line with the `OMF_DIR` set to a comma separated list of directories to recursively search.

    OMF_DIR=/usr/share/omf:/usr/local/share/omf:/opt/gnome2/share/omf:/opt/kde/omf

ScrollKeeper contains a hierarchy of subject categories to which a help document can belong. The subject category of the document in the OMF file determines the location of the document in the table of contents presented by the help browser.

The hierarchy of subject categories is defined in the file ``$prefix`/scrollkeeper/Templates/`<lang>`/scrollkeeper_cl.xml`. The subject category of a document must correspond to a category specified in this file.

For more information on the Scrollkeeper system, visit the website at http://scrollkeeper.sourceforge.net/.

If the help document XML file is moved to a new location, then the location in the OMF file needs to be updated.

## Improving Performance

This chapter describes how to improve the performance of the GNOME Desktop.

### Introduction to Improving Performance

This chapter lists several preferences whose settings you can change to improve the performance of the GNOME Desktop. You can use the `gconftool-2` command to set values for preferences for users. The example commands in this chapter show how to set values in the user configuration source.

You can also use the `--direct` and `--config-source` options to set mandatory values or default values for preferences. You can also use the `gconftool-2` command in a script to set the values of many preferences. For more information on the `gconftool-2` command and the options that are available with the command, see gconf-0.

### Reducing CPU Usage

This section describes preferences that you can set to reduce CPU usage by the GNOME Desktop.

#### To Use Theme Options Which Require Less CPU Resources

Some window frame theme options load image files to draw the window frame. Other options use simpler techniques to draw the window frame.

The Crux window frame option loads image files, and can be slow on systems with limited CPU resources. To reduce CPU usage, use one of the following window frame options:

- Atlanta

- Esco

The following window frame options also use less CPU resources than Crux:

- AgingGorilla

- Bright

- Metabox

Metabox does not work well with inverse controls options such as HighContrastInverse. Use Atlanta with inverse controls options.

To change the window frame theme option, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type string \
    --set /apps/metacity/general/theme nome-da-opción

For example, to use Atlanta, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type string \
    --set /apps/metacity/general/theme Atlanta

Alternatively, users can use the Theme preference tool to select the appropriate option.

You can use the Metacity Theme Viewer to measure the performance of a window frame option, and to preview the option. To start Metacity Theme Viewer, use the following command:

    metacity-theme-viewer nome-da-opción

For example, to measure the performance of Atlanta and preview Atlanta, run the following command:

    metacity-theme-viewer Atlanta

#### To Reduce CPU Usage by Turning Off Display of Icons in Menus

Some items in menus display an icon beside the item. To turn off this feature, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type bool \
    --set /desktop/gnome/interface/menus_have_icons false

Alternatively, users can use the Menus & Toolbars preference tool to deselect the Show icons in menus option.

#### To Reduce CPU Usage by Turning Off the Splash Screen

By default, when users log in to the desktop environment, a splash screen is displayed. Icons are displayed on the splash screen while the user logs in. You can turn off the splash screen to reduce CPU usage during login.

To turn off the splash screen, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type bool \
    --set /apps/gnome-session/options/show_splash_screen false

Alternatively, users can use the Sessions preference tool to deselect the Show splash screen on login option.

#### To Reduce CPU Usage by Turning Off Panel Animation

When users show or hide panels, the panels can show or hide in an animated style. To turn off panel animation, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type bool \
    --set /apps/panel/global/enable_animations false

Alternatively, users can use the Panel preference tool to deselect the Drawer and panel animation option.

#### Improving File Manager Performance

The Nautilus file manager includes some features that you can modify to improve performance.

##### To Modify Performance Preferences

The file manager includes performance-related preferences. Each performance preference can take one of three values. The values are described in the following table:

Value | Descrición
`always` | Performs the action for both local files, and files on other file systems.
`local_only` | Performs the action for local files only. When you set a performance preference to `local_only`, the CPU usage is reduced.
`never` | Never performs the action. When you set a performance preference to never, the CPU usage and the network traffic are reduced.

The following table describes the performance preferences for the file manager. For the fastest performance, set the value of the preferences to `never`.

Preference | Descrición
`show_icon_text` | Specifies when to preview the content of text files in the icon that represents the file. To never preview the content of text files, run the following command:
    gconftool-2 \
    --type string \
    --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/show_icon_text never
Alternatively, users can perform the following steps: Choose Edit Preferences from a file manager window, then choose Preview. Select an option for the Show text in icons preference.
`show_directory_item_counts` | Specifies when to show the number of items in folders. To never show the number of items in folders, run the following command:
    gconftool-2 \
    --type string \
    --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/show_directory_item_counts never
Alternatively, users can perform the following steps: Choose Edit Preferences from a file manager window, then choose Preview. Select an option for the Count number of items preference.
`show_image_thumbnails` | Specifies when to show thumbnails of image files. To never show thumbnails, run the following command:
    gconftool-2 \
    --type string \
    --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/show_image_thumbnails never
Alternatively, users can perform the following steps: Choose Edit Preferences from a file manager window, then choose Preview. Select an option for the Show thumbnails preference.
`preview_sound` | Specifies when to preview the content of sound files. To never preview the content of sound files, run the following command:
    gconftool-2 \
    --type string \
    --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/preview_sound never
Alternatively, users can perform the following steps: Choose Edit Preferences from a file manager window, then choose Preview. Select an option for the Preview sound files preference.

##### To Turn Off the Side Pane, Toolbar, and Location Bar

The file manager includes preferences that enable you to turn off the side pane and the toolbar. To improve file manager performance, turn off the side pane and the toolbar.

To turn off the side pane, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type bool \
    --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/start_with_sidebar false

To turn off the toolbar, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type bool \
    --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/start_with_toolbar false

You can also turn off the location bar. Users can use the Ctrl L keyboard shortcut to display a location bar when required.

To turn off the location bar, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type bool \
    --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/start_with_location_bar false

##### Apagar o escritorio

The file manager contains a preference that enables users to use Nautilus to manage the desktop. You can disable the desktop to improve performance. However, if you disable the desktop, you cannot do the following:

- Use the file manager to change the pattern or color of the desktop background.

- Use the desktop objects, such as Trash. The desktop objects are not displayed on the desktop.

To disable the desktop, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type bool \
    --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/show_desktop false

### Reducing X Window System Network Traffic

This section describes preferences that you can set to reduce X Window System network traffic on the GNOME Desktop.

#### To Use Theme Options Which Create Less Network Traffic

Remote display protocols do not transfer every pixel in a block of pixels if all pixels in the block are the same color.

To reduce X Window System network traffic, use a window frame theme option that uses solid colors. That is, use one of the following window frame options:

- Atlanta

- Esco

For information on how to change theme options, see performance-3.

#### To Reduce Network Traffic by Turning Off Display of Icons in Menus

Some items in menus display an icon beside the item. If the icon is located on another file system, this feature can increase X Window System network traffic. This feature can also increase X Window System network traffic if the panels are displayed on a remote host.

For information on how to turn off this feature, see performance-2.

### Reducir o uso de cor e mellorar a calidade da visualización

Many modern computer systems support 24-bit color, that is, 16,777,216 colors. However, many users still use systems that support 8-bit color, that is, 256 colors.

The GNOME Desktop uses the websafe color palette. This palette is a general-purpose palette of 216 colors, which is designed to optimize the use of color on systems that support 8-bit color. However, some visual components of the GNOME Desktop are designed for systems that support 24-bit color.

The following display problems might occur on systems that support 8-bit color:

- Windows, icons, and background images might appear grainy. Many themes, background images, and icons use colors that are not in the websafe color palette. The colors that are not in the palette are replaced with the nearest equivalent or a dithered approximation. This use of replacement colors causes the grainy appearance.

- Applications that do not use the websafe color palette have less colors available. Color errors might occur. Some colors might not appear in the user interface of the application. Some applications might crash if the application cannot allocate colors.

- Color flashing might occur when users switch between applications that use the websafe color palette, and applications that do not use this palette. The applications that do not use the websafe color palette might use a custom colormap. When the custom colormap is used, other visual components might lose colors, then become unviewable.

The following sections describe how to optimize the appearance of the GNOME Desktop for systems that support 8-bit color.

#### To Use Theme Options That Use the Websafe Color Palette

Some window frame theme options use colors that are in the websafe color palette. Bright and Esco use colors from the websafe color palette. Bright and Esco do not have the grainy appearance of other window frame options on 8-bit color displays. Use Bright or Esco for the best color display on 8-bit visual modes.

For information on how to change theme options, see performance-3.

#### To Reduce Color Usage by Turning Off Display of Icons in Menus

Some items in menus display an icon beside the item. If the icon contains colors that are not in the websafe color palette, this feature can increase the number of colors used.

For information on how to turn off this feature, see performance-2.

#### To Reduce Color Usage by Turning Off the Splash Screen

You can turn off the splash screen to make more colors available for the GNOME Desktop and for applications.

For information on how to turn off the splash screen, see performance-6.

#### To Reduce Color Usage by Using a Solid Color for the Background

Use a solid color for the desktop background. Use of a solid color reduces the number of colors used by the GNOME Desktop.

To set a solid color for the background, run the following commands:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type string \
    --set /desktop/gnome/background/picture_options none

    gconftool-2 \
    --type string \
    --set /desktop/gnome/background/color_shading_type solid

    gconftool-2 \
    --type string \
    --set /desktop/gnome/background/primary_color #cor-hexadecimal

Alternatively, users can use the Background preference tool to choose a solid color for the background.

## Disabling GNOME Desktop Features

This chapter describes how to disable particular features of the GNOME Desktop.

### Introduction to Disabling GNOME Desktop Features

The GNOME Desktop includes features that you can use to restrict access to certain functions in the GNOME Desktop. The disable features are useful in various situations where you want to restrict the actions that users can perform on a computer. For example, you might want to prevent command line operations on a computer that is for public use at a trade show. The disable features are also known as lockdown features.

You set GConf keys to disable features. For information about how to set GConf keys, see gconf-0. You can also use the Configuration Editor application to set GConf keys in a user configuration source. For more information about the Configuration Editor application, see the GConf Editor Manual.

### Locking Down Setting Manually

#### To Disable Lock Screen and Log Out

To disable the lock screen and log out functions, set the `/apps/panel/global/disable_lock_screen` key and the `/apps/panel/global/disable_log_out` key to `true`.

When you disable the lock screen and log out functions, the following items are removed from the panels:

- Lock Screen and Log Out `user` menu items from the Main Menu.

- Lock and Log Out menu items from the Add to Panel Actions menu. To open this menu, right-click on a vacant space on a panel, then choose Add to Panel Actions.

- Lock Screen and Log Out `user` menu items from the Actions menu in the Menu Bar applet.

Also, any Lock Screen buttons and Log Out buttons on panels are disabled.

#### To Disable Command Line Operations

To disable operations from a command line, set the `/desktop/gnome/lockdown/disable_command_line` key to `true`.

When you disable command line operations, the following changes occur in the user interface:

- The Run Application menu item is removed from the following menus:

  - menú principal

  - Actions submenu in the Add to Panel menu

  - Actions menu in the Menu Bar applet

- Any Run buttons on panels are disabled.

To disable command line operations, you must also remove menu items that start terminal applications. For example, you might want to remove menu items that contain the following commands from the menus:

- GNOME Terminal command, that is `/usr/bin/gnome-terminal`

- `/usr/bin/xterm`

- `/usr/bin/setterm`

The items are removed from the following menus:

- menú principal

- engadir ao panel Launcher from menu

To disable command line operations, you must also disable the Command Line applet. To disable the Command Line applet, add the applet to the `/apps/panel/global/disabled_applets` key. When you disable the Command Line applet, the Command Line applet is removed from the Main Menu and the Add to Panel Utility menu.

#### To Disable Panel Configuration

To disable panel configuration, set the `/apps/panel/global/locked_down` key to `true`.

When you disable panel configuration, the following changes occur in the user interface:

- The following items are removed from the panel popup menu, and from the drawer popup menu:

  - engadir ao panel

  - Delete This Panel

  - Propiedades

  - New Panel

- The launcher popup menu is disabled.

- The following items are removed from the applet popup menu:

  - Remove From Panel

  - Bloquear

  - Mover

- The Main Menu popup menu is disabled.

- The launcher drag feature is disabled, so that users cannot drag launchers to, or from, panels.

- The panel drag feature is disabled, so that users cannot drag panels to new locations.

### Editor de bloqueos

As of GNOME 2.14, a graphical lockdown editor called Pessulus has been included to ease the task of disabling desktop settings.

#### Inicio

Para executar o editor de bloqueos:

- Click the System Administration Lockdown Editor

- Run the `pessulus` command in a terminal window.

You will see a window with several different tabs. Each of the tabs represents a different category of desktop settings that can be disabled. In the next section, we will discuss each category and provide a brief description for each setting that can be disabled.

#### Desactivar características

To disable a setting, make sure the checkbox next to the setting's description is checked. Most settings will take effect immediately, however some settings will require that the application be restarted in order to take effect.

When pessulus starts, it will try to get a connection to the GConf mandatory configuration source. This address for this configuration source is `xml:merged:`$prefix`/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory`. If the user that is running pessulus has access to this configuration source, then a lock icon will be displayed next to the checkbox for each setting. Clicking the lock will toggle whether or not the setting is mandatory. If the setting is mandatory, then regular users will not be able to change or override the setting. If the user running pessulus does not have access to the mandatory configuration source, then the lock icon will not appear. In this case, all disabled settings will simply be stored in the user's default configuration source and can be modified later using other tools such as gconf-editor or gconftool-2. For more information on GConf and mandatory configuration sources, see gconf-26.

The following subsections will give a brief description of the settings that can be disabled for each category.

Depending on the applications you have installed, you may see fewer categories than those described in this section.

##### Xeral

Desactivar a liña de comandos

- Impide que o usuario acceda ao terminal ou especifique unha liña de comandos para ser executada. Por exemplo, isto poderá desactivar o acceso ao panel de diálogo «Executar aplicativo».

Desactivar imprimir

- Impide que o usuario imprima. Por exemplo, isto poderá desactivar o acceso a todos os diálogos «Imprimir» de todas as aplicacións.

Desactivar configuración de impresión

- Impide que o usuario modifique as configuracións de impresión. Por exemplo, isto poderá desactivar o acceso a todos os diálogos «Configurar impresión» de todas as aplicacións.

Desactivar gardar a disco

- Impide que o usuario garde ficheiros en disco. Por exemplo, isto poderá desactivar o acceso a todos os diálogos «Gardar como» de todas as aplicacións.

##### Panel

Lock down the panels

- If true, the panel will not allow any changes to the configuration of the panel. Individual applets may need to be locked down separately however. The panel must be restarted for this to take effect.

Disable force quit

- If true, the panel will not allow a user to force an application to quit by removing access to the force quit button.

Disable lock screen

- If true, the panel will not allow a user to lock their screen, by removing access to the lock screen menu entries.

Disable log out

- If true, the panel will not allow a user to log out, by removing access to the log out menu entries.

##### Epiphany Web Browser

Desactivar saír

- Ao usuario non se lle permite pechar Epiphany.

Desactivar URL arbitraria

- Disable the user's ability to type in a URL to Epiphany.

Disable bookmark editing

- Disable the user's ability to add or edit bookmarks.

Desactivar o historial

- Disable all historical information by disabling back and forward navigation, not allowing the history dialog and hiding the most used bookmarks list.

Desactivar chrome javascript

- Desactivar o control do JavaScript sobre a xanela chrome.

Desactivar a edición da barra de ferramentas

- Desactivar a capacidade do usuario para editar as barras de ferramentas.

Forzar modo a pantalla completa

- Bloquear o Epiphany en modo de pantalla completa.

Ocultar a barra de menú

- Ocultar a barra de menú por omisión. Pode acceder a barra de menú tamén usando F10.

Desactivar os protocolos non seguros

- Desactivar a carga de contidos desde protocolos non seguros. Os protocolos seguros son http e https.

##### Protector de pantalla do GNOME

Bloquear ao activar

- Defina isto como TRUE para bloquear a pantalla cando se activa o protector de pantalla.

Permitir saíra da sesión

- Definir isto como TRUE para ofrecer unha opción no diálogo de desbloqueo para terminar a sesión tras un intervalo de tempo. O atraso especifícase na chave «logout_delay».

Permitir o cambio de usuario

- Defina isto como TRUE para ofrecer unha opción no diálogo de desbloqueo para cambiar a unha conta de usuario diferente.

## Cartafoles ocultos

Este apéndice describe os cartafoles ocultos que o Escritorio GNOME engade ao cartafol persoal dos usuarios.

Un cartafol oculto é un cartafol cuxo nome comeza por punto (.). A appendixa-TBL-2 describe os cartafoles ocultos que o escritorio GNOME engade ao cartafol persoal dos usuarios.

## Cartafoles ocultos nos cartafoles persoais dos usuarios

Cartafol | Descrición
`.config` | Se a variábel de contorno
`.fonts` | Conten tipos de letra específicos dun usuario en particular. CAndo un usuario instala un tipo de letra arrastrándoa ao URI `fonts:///` en nautilus, entón se copia a esta localización.
`.esd_auth` | Contains the authentication cookie for the GNOME sound daemon. The GNOME sound daemon is the Enlightened Sound Daemon (ESD). NOTA: Isto é un ficheiro, non un cartafol.
`.gconf` | Contains the GConf configuration source for the user. When the user sets a preference, the new preference information is added to this location.
`.gconfd` | Contains the following GConf daemon details: Información da configuración Información e bloqueo para os obxectos referenciados por un Interoperable Object Reference (IOR). Información de estado para obxectos referenciados por un IOR.
`.gnome` | Contains user-specific application data that is not stored in the GConf repository. NOTE: this directory is deprecated and is only used by GNOME 1.x applications.
`.gnome2` | Contains user-specific application data that is not stored in the GConf repository. For example, this directory contains the following: Información dos atallos de teclado. Información da localización das xanelas. Desktop entry files for panel launchers. This directory may also contain sub-directories that store application specific data.
`.gnome2-private` | Ignore this directory. This directory has no function at the time of publication of this guide.
`.local/share` | This is the default location for the environment variable `XDG_DATA_HOME`, if it is not set. User defined desktop entries can be created in the subdirectory `applications`. User defined mime types can be created in `mime/packages/Overrides.xml`.
`.metacity` | Contén datos de sesión para o xestor de xanelas Metacity.
`.nautilus` | Contén información sobre o xestor de ficheiros que é especificada para o usuario. Por exemplo, este cartafol pode conter o seguinte: Metadatos para os cartafoles cos que traballa o usuario. Emblemas de Nautilus que engadeu o usuario. Imaxes do escritorio de Nautilus.
`.themes` | Contén as opcións de controis do tema, as opcións do bordo da xanela do tema e as opcións de iconas de tema que engade o usuario. O usuario pode engadir temas desde a ferramenta de preferencias Tema.
`.thumbnails` | Contén as miniaturas das imaxes para o usuario. As miniaturas das imaxes úsanse no xestor de ficheiros. O xestor de ficheiros contén unha preferencia que o usuario pode seleccionar para parar de xerar as miniaturas das imaxes.

## Nota de seguranza ao configurar impresoras SMB.

Este apéndice fornece unha nota de seguranza relacionada coa configuración de impresoras en comparticións de rede Windows.

Windows network shares are also referred to as Samba or SMB shares. When you configure a printer on an SMB share, you must enter a username and password for the print queue.

The username and password for the print queue is stored as unencrypted text in the file `/etc/cups/printers.conf`. This file has read-only permissions for users with root privileges, so any user with root privileges can read the username and password for the print queue.

To reduce the impact of possible security violations, ensure that the username and password required to access the print queue is used only for the print queue. This ensures that any possible security violation is restricted to unauthorized use of the print queue.

## Glosario

ficheiro `.desktop`
ficheiro `.directory`
ficheiro `.omf`
rexistro de aplicativo

The application registry is a collection of desktop entry files which register applications. The location of the application registry for the GNOME Desktop is `$XDG_DATA_DIRS:$XDG_DATA_HOME/applications/`.

ficheiro de entrada de escritorio

A data file that provides information about an item in a menu. The desktop entry file specifies the details for the item such as a name, a command to run, an icon, and so on. Desktop entry files have a `.desktop` file extension.

ficheiro de entrada de cartafol

A data file that provides information about a menu. The directory entry file specifies details such as a name for the menu, a tooltip for the menu, and an icon to represent the menu. Directory entry files have a `.directory` file extension.

Fonte de configuración de GConf

A storage location in the GConf repository. For example, `xml:readonly:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults`.

Chave de preferencia de GConf

An element in the GConf repository that corresponds to an application preference. For example, the `/apps/gnome-session/options/show_splash_screen` key corresponds to the Show splash screen on login option in the Sessions preference tool.

Ficheiro de ruta de GConf

A file that lists the GConf configuration sources, and the order in which to search the sources.

Esquema de GConf

A collective term for a schema key and a schema object.

Ficheiro de definición de esquema de GConf

A GConf schema definition file lists the keys in a particular application, and defines the characteristics of the keys. GConf schemas are generated from schema definition files. Schema definition files have a `.schemas` file extension.

Chaves de esquema de GConf

A key that stores a schema object for a preference key. For example, `/schemas/desktop/gnome/interface/font_name` is a schema key for the `/desktop/gnome/interface/font_name` preference key.

Obxectos de esquema de GConf

An element in a configuration source that contains information about a preference key. The schema object contains information such as a default value for the preference key, and documentation on the preference key.

patrón glob

A glob pattern is used to match a file name by using special characters such as `*` and `?`. The MIME system uses glob patterns to assign MIME types based upon filenames and often, file extensions.

Interoperable Object Reference

An Interoperable Object Reference (IOR) is a string reference to a CORBA object. An IOR encodes a hostname and port to which messages can be sent to control the object. The IOR also contains an object key to identify the object.

regra máxia

A magic rule defines a file's MIME type by specifying text or binary data to search for at the beginning of the file. Offsets to look for this data are defined in a magic rule.

Ficheiros de definición de menú

Menu definition files define the hierarchy of menus that are used in the GNOME menu bar.

MIME

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension.

Ficheiro fonte XML MIME

A MIME source XML file defines how MIME types are resolved for different kinds of files. There are three ways in which this can be done: using file extensions (glob patterns), using magic rules and using XML namespaces. MIME source XML files are located in the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS:$XDG_DATA_HOME/mime/packages` directory.

Tipo MIME

Un tipo MIME identifica o formato de ficheiro. O tipo MIME permite aos aplicativos ler o ficheiro. Por exemplo, un cliente de correo pode usar o tipo MIME `image/png` para detectar que se está adxuntando un ficheiro Portable NEtworks Graphic (PNG) a un correo-e.

Base de datos dos tipos MIME

The MIME type database is a collection of files which register MIME types for the desktop environment. The location of the MIME type database is the directory `$XDG_DATA_DIRS:$XDG_DATA_HOME/mime`.

Ficheiro OMF

Open Source Metadata Framework file. This is a file that is associated with the XML file for a manual. The OMF file contains information about the manual that is used by the Help browser. OMF files have a `.omf` file extension.

PAM

Pluggable Authentication Modules (módulos de autenticación conectábeis).

protector de pantalla

A screensaver is an application that replaces the image on a screen when the screen is not in use. The screensaver application for the GNOME Desktop is XScreenSaver.

visualizador de protector de pantallas

A screensaver display is an application that displays images on the screen of the user when the screen is not in use.

UDP

User Datagram Protocol (protocolo de datagramas de usuario).

Identificador uniforme de recursos

A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string that identifies a particular location in a file system or on the web. For example, the address of a web page is a URI.

paleta de cores segura para o web

The websafe color palette is a general-purpose palette of 216 colors. The websafe color palette is designed to optimize the use of color on systems that support 8-bit color. The websafe color palette is also called the Netscape color palette and the Netscape color cube.