# Az asztali környezet bemutatása

Ez a fejezet bemutatja az asztali környezet néhány alapelemét, így foglalkozik az ablakok, a munkaterületek és az alkalmazások kezelésével. A GNOME környezetben végzett munka (vagy szórakozás) közben majdnem mindig találkozik majd ezekkel.

Ez a fejezet a GNOME asztal alapértelmezett beállításait írja le. Lehetséges, hogy az operációs rendszer gyártója vagy a rendszergazda megváltoztatta a környezetének beállításait, így az az itt leírtaktól eltérően néz ki.

## Bevezetés

Az asztali munkafolyamat első indításakor az alapértelmezett indítóképernyő jelenik meg panelekkel, ablakokkal és különféle ikonokkal.

A Gnome asztali környezet legfőbb összetevői a következők:

Asztal

- Az asztal az asztali környezet többi összetevője mögött található. Elemeket helyezhet rá, így gyorsabban érhet el fájlokat és könyvtárakat, vagy gyakran használt alkalmazásokat indíthat. További információkat a overview-desktop szakaszban talál.

Panelek

- A panelek a képernyő tetejét és alját kitöltő sávok. Alapértelmezésben a felső panelen található a GNOME főmenüsor, a dátum és idő, valamint a GNOME súgórendszer indítóikonja. Az alsó panelen található a nyitott ablakok listája és a munkaterület-váltó.

  A panelek testreszabhatók, így különféle eszközöket tartalmazhatnak, például további menüket és indítóikonokat, valamint apró, panel kisalkalmazásnak nevezett segédprogramokat. További információkért tekintse meg a panels témakört.

Ablakok

- A programok többsége ablakokon belül fut. Az asztalon egyszerre több ablak is megjeleníthető. Az ablakok átméretezhetők és mozgathatók a munkaterület jobb kihasználása érdekében. Minden egyes ablak rendelkezik egy, az ablak tetején található címsorral, melynek segítségével az ablak minimalizálható, maximalizálható és bezárható. Az ablakokkal történő munkáról további információt a overview-windows szakaszban talál.

Munkaterületek

- Az asztal különböző munkaterületekre osztható. Az ablakok külön csoportosíthatók az egyes munkaterületekre, így az egymáshoz kapcsolódó feladatok összefoghatók. A munkaterületekkel való munkáról további információt a overview-workspaces szakaszban talál.

Fájlkezelő

- A Nautilus fájlkezelővel hozzáférhet fájljaihoz, mappáihoz és alkalmazásaihoz. A mappák tartalma a fájlkezelővel kezelhető, a fájlok pedig a megfelelő alkalmazásokkal nyithatók meg. További információt a nautilus szakaszban talál.

Vezérlőközpont

- You can customize your computer using the Control Center, which can be found in the System menu on the top panel menubar. Each preference tool in the Control Center allows you to change a particular part of the behavior of your computer. See prefs for more information on the Control Center.

Az operációs rendszer gyártója vagy a rendszergazda megváltoztathatja az alapértelmezett beállításokat, így lehetséges, hogy munkaállomása nem egészen a leírtaknak megfelelően van beállítva. Ez a kézikönyv azonban ilyenkor is hasznos információval szolgálhat az asztal elemeinek használatáról.

## Az asztal

Az asztal a képernyő többi eleme mögött található. Ha nincs látható ablak, az asztal a képernyőnek az alsó és a felső panelek közt látható része. Az asztalra fájlokat és mappákat helyezhet, hogy könnyebben hozzáférhetővé tegye azokat.

Az asztalon különleges objektumok is találhatók:

- A Számítógép ikon segítségével elérhető a CD-meghajtó, a hordozható adathordozók (mint a floppy lemezek is) és a teljes fájlrendszer. Alapértelmezésként nincs joga olvasni vagy szerkeszteni más felhasználók fájljait, de lehet, hogy szüksége lesz ilyen jogokra, ha például webes kiszolgálót szeretne beállítani a számítógépen.

- Saját könyvtára a `felhasználónév` mappája nevet viseli. Itt találhatók személyes fájljai. Ez a mappa megnyitható a Helyek menüből is.

- A Kuka egy különleges mappa, ahová a szükségtelenné vált fájlok kerülnek. További információt a nautilus-trash szakaszban talál.

- When you insert a CD, a flash drive, or other removable media, or a device containing files such as a music player or a digital camera, an icon representing this device will appear on the desktop.

A számítógéppel történő munka közben az asztal könnyen zsúfolttá válhat a sok nyitott ablak miatt. Az asztal gyors megjelenítéséhez és az összes ablak minimalizálásához a következők közül választhat:

- Kattintson az Asztal megjelenítése gombra az alsó panel bal szélénél.

- Használja a Ctrl Alt D billentyűkombinációt.

Mindkét művelet ismételt alkalmazása visszaállítja az ablakokat eredeti állapotukba. Az asztal megjelenítése egy másik munkaterületre történő váltással is elérhető.

Megváltoztathatja a háttér színét vagy a megjelenített háttérképet. További információt a prefs-desktopbackground szakaszban talál.

The files and folders you put on the desktop are stored in a special folder within your Home Folder, called `Desktop`. Like any other folder, you can put files and other folders directly into it. The only difference is that anything placed into the Desktop folder will then show up on desktop itself.

## Ablakok

A window is a rectangular area of the screen, usually with a border all around and a title bar at the top. You can think of a window as a screen within the screen. Each window displays an application, allowing you to have more than one application visible, and work on more than one task at a time. You can also think of windows as pieces of paper on your desktop: they can overlap, or be side by side, for example.

A képernyőn lévő ablakok pozíciója és mérete megváltoztatható. Beállíthatja, melyik ablak takarja a másikat, így teljesen láthatóvá teheti azt, amivel épp dolgozik. Az ablakok mozgatáról és átméretezéséről további információt a windows-manipulating szakaszban talál.

Nem szükségszerű, hogy minden ablak külön alkalmazáshoz tartozzon. Egy programhoz általában tartozik egy főablak, és a felhasználó kérésére az alkalmazás további ablakokat nyithat.

The rest of this section describes the different types of windows and how you can interact with them.

### Az ablakok típusai

Az ablakoknak két fő típusa van:

Alkalmazásablakok

- Az alkalmazásablakok mind minimalizálhatók, maximalizálhatók és bezárhatók a címsor gombjainak segítségével. Egy alkalmazás megnyitásakor általában az ablakok ezen fajtája jelenik meg.

Párbeszédablakok

- A párbeszédablakok egy alkalmazásablak hívására jelennek meg. Figyelmeztethetnek problémára, megerősítést kérhetnek egy művelethez, vagy adatokat kérhetnek be a felhasználótól.

  Ha például egy alkalmazást dokumentum mentésére utasít, egy párbeszédablak jelenik meg, ami bekéri az új fájl mentésének helyét. Ha egy foglalt programot kilépésre utasít, az megerősítést kérhet a folyamatban lévő munka megszakítására.

  Néhány párbeszédablak megakadályozza a főablak használatát, amíg nyitva van. Az ilyen ablakokat kizárólagos párbeszédpaneleknek nevezzük. Mások megnyitva is engedélyezik a főablak használatát: ezeket megengedő ablakoknak nevezzük.

  You can select the text in a dialog with the mouse. This allows you to copy it to the clipboard (by right-clicking the text and selecting Copy), and paste it into another application. This is useful if you wish to quote the text you see in a dialog when requesting support on the Internet.

### Ablakok kezelése

You can change the size and position of windows on the screen. This allows you to see more than one application and do different tasks at the same time. For example, you might want to read text on a web page while writing with a word processor, or to change to another application to do a different task or check its progress.

Ha épp nem szeretné látni tartalmát, minimalizálhatja az ablakot. Ezzel az ablak eltűnik a képernyőről. Az ablakot maximalizálva az ismét kitölti a teljes képet.

A fenti feladatok nagy része az egérnek az ablakkeret különböző pontjain történő használatával hajtható végre (az egér használatáról további információk a mouse-actions szakaszban olvashatók). Az ablakkeret felső részét címsornak nevezik, mert itt olvasható az ablak címe. Ez a rész tartalmazza az ablak megjelenítési módját módosító gombokat is.

fig-titlebar-anno-window shows the titlebar for a typical application window. From left to right, this contains the Window Menu button, the window title, the minimize button, the maximize button, and the close button.

#### Egy átlagos alkalmazásablak címsora

Alkalmazásablak keretének címsora.

All actions can also be carried out from the Window Menu. To open this, click on the Window Menu button at the left-hand edge of the titlebar. Common actions can also be carried out with keyboard shortcuts: see shortcuts-window for a simple list of these. The following lists the actions you can carry out on a window, with the mouse or the keyboard:

Ablak mozgatása

- Drag the titlebar to move the window. You can click on any part of the titlebar except the buttons at either end to begin the drag action. The window will move on the screen as you drag the mouse. On less powerful computers, the movement of the window may be represented by moving an outline of its frame.

  You can also choose Move from the Window Menu, or press Alt F7, and then either move the mouse or press the keyboard arrow keys to move the window.

  You can also press-and-hold Alt and drag any part of the window.

  As you move the window, some parts of the screen will give slight resistance to movement. This is to help you align windows more easily to the edges of the desktop, the panels, and the edges of other windows.

  You can also press-and-hold Shift while you move the window to cause it to only move between the corners of the desktop and other windows.

  If the Num Lock key is off, you can use the arrows on the numeric keypad, as well as the 7, 9, 1, and 3 keys to move diagonally.

Resize the window

- Drag one of the borders to expand or contract the window on that side. Drag a corner to change two sides at once. The resize pointer appears when your mouse is in the correct position to begin the drag action.

  You can also choose Resize from the Window Menu, or press Alt F8. The resize pointer appears. Move the mouse in the direction of the edge you want to resize, or press one of the keyboard arrows keys. The pointer changes to indicate the chosen edge. Now you can use the mouse or the arrow keys to move this edge of the window. Click the mouse or press Return to accept the change. Press Escape to cancel the resize action and return the window to its original size and shape.

Minimize the window

- Click on the Minimize button in the titlebar, the leftmost of the group of three on the right. This removes the window from view. The window can be restored to its previous position and size on the screen from the window list on the bottom edge panel or the window selector in the top panel.

  You can also choose Minimize from the Window Menu, or press Alt F9 .

  A minimized window is shown in the window list and the window selector with [ ] around its title.

Maximize the window

- Click on the Maximize button in the titlebar, the middle of the group of three on the right. This expands the window so it fills the screen (the panels remain visible).

  You can also choose Maximize from the Window Menu, or press Alt F10, or double-click any part of the titlebar except the buttons at either end.

  If you prefer, you can assign the double-click action to roll up the window: see prefs-windows.

Unmaximize the window

- When a window is maximized, click again on the Maximize button to restore it to its previous position and size on the screen.

  You can also choose Unmaximize from the Window Menu, press Alt F5, or double-click any part of the titlebar except the buttons at either end.

Close the window

- Click the Close button, the rightmost of the group of three on the right. Closing the window may also close the application itself. The application will ask you to confirm closing a window that contains unsaved work.

### Giving Focus to a Window

To work with an application, you need to give the focus to its window. When a window has focus, any actions such as mouse clicks, typing text, or keyboard shortcuts, are directed to the application in that window. Only one window can have focus at a time. The window that has focus will appear on top of other windows, so nothing covers any part of it. It may also have a different appearance from other windows, depending on your choice of theme.

You can give the focus to a window in any of the following ways:

- With the mouse, click on any part of the window, if the window is visible.

- On the bottom panel, click on the window list button that represents the window in the Window List.

- On the top panel, click the window list icon and choose the window you want to switch to from the list. The window list icon is at the extreme right of the panel, and its icon matches that of the current window's Window Menu button.

  If the window you choose is on a different workspace, you will be switched to that workspace. For more on workspaces, see overview-workspaces.

- With the keyboard, hold the Alt key and press the Tab key. A pop-up window appears with a list of icons representing each window. While still holding Alt, press Tab to move the selection along the list: a black rectangle frames the selected icon and the position of the window it corresponds to is highlighted with a black border. When the window you want to see is selected, release the Alt key. Using Shift Tab instead of just Tab cycles through the icons in reverse order.

  You can customize the shortcut used to perform this action with the Keyboard Shortcuts preference tool.

## Munkaterületek

Workspaces allow you to manage which windows are on your screen. You can imagine workspaces as being virtual screens, which you can switch between at any time. Every workspace contains the same desktop, the same panels, and the same menus. However, you can run different applications, and open different windows in each workspace. The applications in each workspace will remain there when you switch to other workspaces.

By default, four workspaces are available. You can switch between them with the Workspace Switcher applet at the right of the bottom panel. This shows a representation of your workspaces, by default a row of four rectangles. Click on one to switch to that workspace. In gosoverview-FIG-42, Workspace Switcher contains four workspaces. The first three workspaces contain open windows. The last workspace does not contain currently open windows. The currently active workspace is highlighted.

### A Munkaterület-váltóban megjelenített munkaterületek

Munkaterület-váltó. A szövegkörnyezet írja le a grafikát.

Each workspace can have any number of applications open in it. The number of workspaces can be customized: see workspace-add.

Workspaces enable you to organize the GNOME Desktop when you run many applications at the same time. One way to use workspaces is to allocate a specific function to each workspace: one for email, one for web browsing, one for graphic design, etc. However, everyone has their own preference and you are in no way restricted to only using workspaces like this.

### Switching Between Workspaces

A következő módokon válthat a munkaterületek között:

- In the Workspace Switcher applet in the bottom panel, click on the workspace where you want to work.

- Move the mouse pointer over the Workspace Switcher applet in the bottom panel, and scroll the mouse wheel.

- Nyomja le a Ctrl Alt jobb nyíl billentyűkombinációt a jelenlegi munkaterülettől jobbra levő munkaterületre váltáshoz.

- Nyomja le a Ctrl Alt bal nyíl billentyűkombinációt a jelenlegi munkaterülettől balra levő munkaterületre váltáshoz.

The arrow shortcut keys work according to how your workspaces are set out in the Workspace Switcher applet. If you change your panel so workspaces are displayed vertically instead of horizontally, use Ctrl Alt up arrow and Ctrl Alt down arrow to switch workspaces.

### Adding Workspaces

To add workspaces to the GNOME Desktop, right-click on the Workspace Switcher applet, then choose Preferences. The Workspace Switcher Preferences dialog is displayed. Use the Number of workspaces spin box to specify the number of workspaces that you require.

## Alkalmazások

An application is a type of computer program that allows you to perform a particular task. You might use applications to create text documents such as letters or reports; to work with spreadsheets; to listen to your favorite music; to navigate the Internet; or to create, edit, or view images and videos. For each of these tasks, you would use a different application.

To launch an application, open the Applications menu and choose the application you want from the submenus. For more on this, see applications-menu.

The applications that are part of GNOME include the following:

- Gedit Text Editor can read, create, or modify any kind of simple text without any formatting.

- Dictionary allows you to look up definitions of a word.

- Image Viewer can display single image files, as well as large image collections.

- Calculator performs basic, financial, and scientific calculations.

- Character Map lets you choose letters and symbols from the Unicode character set and paste them into any application. If you are writing in several languages, not all of the characters you need will be on your keyboard.

- Nautilus File Manager displays your folders and their contents. Use this to copy, move and classify your files, and to access CDs, USB flash drives, and any other removable media. When you choose an item from the Places menu, a Nautilus File Manager window opens showing that location.

- Terminal gives you access to the system command line.

Further standard GNOME applications include games, music and video players, a web browser, software accessibility tools, and utilities to manage your system. Your distributor or vendor may have added other applications, such as a word processor and a graphics editor. They may also provide you with a way to install further applications.

All GNOME applications have many features in common, which makes it easier to learn how to work with a new GNOME application. The rest of this section describes some of these features.

### Common Features

The applications that are provided with the GNOME Desktop share many common features, such as similar open and save dialogs and similar-looking icons. This is because they have all been developed using the GNOME development platform. An application developed using this platform is called a GNOME-compliant application. For example, Nautilus and the gedit text editor are GNOME-compliant applications.

A GNOME-alapú alkalmazások néhány tulajdonsága:

- Egységes kinézet

  GNOME-compliant applications have a consistent look-and-feel. You can use the Appearance preference tool to change the look-and-feel of your GNOME-compliant applications.

- Menük, eszköztárak és állapotsorok

  Most GNOME-compliant applications have a menubar, a toolbar, and a statusbar. The menubars usually have a similar structure; for example, the Help menu always contains an About menu item.

  A toolbar is a bar that appears under the menubar. A toolbar contains buttons for the most commonly-used commands. A statusbar is a bar at the bottom of a window that provides information about the current state of what you are viewing in the window. Applications might also contains other bars. For example, Nautilus contains a location bar.

- Alapértelmezett gyorsbillentyűk

  GNOME-compliant applications use the same shortcut keys to perform the same actions. See keyboard-skills for a list of common shortcut keys.

- Húzd-és-ejtsd

  When you drag-and-drop something into a GNOME-compliant application, it will recognize the format of the items that you dragged and will handle them in an appropriate manner. For example, when you drag a HTML file from a Nautilus window to a web browser, the file is displayed in HTML format in the browser. However, when you drag the HTML file to a text editor, the file is displayed in plain text format in the text editor.

### Working With Files

The work you do with an application is stored in files. These may be on your computer's hard drive, or on a removable device such as a USB flash drive. You open a file to examine it or work on it, and you save a file to store your work. When you are done working with a file, you close it.

All GNOME applications use the same dialogs for opening and saving files, presenting you with a consistent interface. The following sections cover the open and the save dialog in detail.

### Choosing a File to Open

The Open File dialog allows you to choose a file to open in an application.

The right-hand pane of the dialog lists files and folders in the current location. You can use the mouse or the arrow keys on your keyboard to select a file.

Once a file is selected in the list, perform one of the following actions to open it:

- Kattintson a Megnyitás gombra.

- Press Return.

- Press Spacebar.

- Double-click the file.

If you open a folder or a location instead of a file, the Open File dialog updates to show the contents of that folder or location.

To change the location shown in the right-hand pane, do one of the following:

- Open a folder that is listed in the current location.

- Open an item in the left-hand pane. This pane lists places such as your Documents folder, your Home Folder, media such as CDs and flash drives, places on your network, and your bookmarks.

- Click one of the buttons in the path bar above the file listing pane. This shows the hierarchy of folders that contain your current location. Use the arrow buttons to either side of the button bar if the list of folders is too long to fit.

The lower part of the Open File dialog may contain further options specific to the current application.

#### Filtering the File List

You can restrict the file list to show only files of certain types. To do this, choose a file type from the drop-down list beneath the file list pane. The list of file types depends on the application you are currently using. For example, a graphics application will list different image file formats, and a text editor will list different types of text file.

#### Find-as-you-type

If you know the name of the file you want to open, begin typing it: the file list will jump to show you files whose names begin with the characters you type. Arrow keys will now select from only these files. The characters you have typed appear in a pop-up window at the base of the file list.

To cancel find-as-you-type, press Esc.

#### Choosing a folder

You might sometimes need to choose a folder to work with rather than open a file. For example, if you use Archive Manager to extract files from an archive, you need to choose a folder to place the files into. In this case, the files in the current location are greyed out, and pressing Open when a folder is selected will choose that folder.

#### Open Location

You can type a full or relative path to the file you want to open. Press Ctrl L or click the button at the top left of the window to show (or hide) the Location field. Alternatively, begin typing a full path starting with `/` to show the Location field.

Type a path from the current location, or an absolute path beginning with `/` or `~/`. The Location field has the following features to simplify the typing of a full filename:

- A drop-down of possible file and folder names is displayed once you begin typing. Use down arrow and up arrow and Return to choose from the list.

- If the part of the name typed uniquely identifies a file or folder, the name is auto-completed. Press Tab to accept the suggested text. For example, if you type "Do", and the only object in the folder beginning with "Do" is `Documents`, then the entire name appears in the field.

#### Opening Remote Locations

You can open files in remote locations by choosing the location from the left panel, or by typing a path to a remote location into the Location field.

If you require a password to access the remote location, you will be asked for it when you open it.

#### Adding and Removing Bookmarks

To add the current location to the bookmarks list, press Add, or right-click a folder in the file list and choose Add to Bookmarks. You can add any folder that is listed in the current location by dragging it to the bookmarks list.

To remove a bookmark from the list, select it and press Remove.

Changes you make to the bookmarks list also affect the Places menu. For more on bookmarks, see nautilus-bookmarks.

#### Showing hidden files

To show hidden files in the file list, right-click in the file list and choose Show Hidden Files. For more on hidden files, see nautilus-managing-hidden-files.

### Fájl mentése

The first time you save your work in an application, the Save As dialog will ask you for a location and name for the new file. When you save the file on subsequent occasions it will be updated immediately and you will not be asked to re-enter a location or name for the file. To save to a new file, choose File Save As.

You can enter a filename and choose a location to save in from the drop-down list of bookmarks and commonly-used locations.

#### Saving in another location

To save the file in a location not listed in the drop-down list, click the Browse for other folders expansion label. This shows a file browser similar to the one in the Open File dialog.

The expanded Save File dialog has the same features as the Open File dialog, such as filtering, find-as-you-type, and adding and removing bookmarks.

#### Replacing an existing file

If you type in the name of an existing file, you will be asked whether you wish to replace the existing file with your current work. You can also do this by choosing the file you want to overwrite in the browser.

#### Typing a Path

To specify a path to save a file, type it into the Name field. A drop-down of possible file and folder names is displayed once you begin typing. Use down arrow and up arrow and Return to choose from the list. If only one file or folder matches the partial name you have typed, press Tab to complete the name.

#### Creating a New Folder

If you would like to create a new folder to save your file in, press the Create Folder button. Type a name for the new folder and press Return. You can then choose to save your file in the new folder, as you would with any other folder.