
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*--- Process-related libc stuff.                     m_libcproc.c ---*/
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
/*
   This file is part of Valgrind, a dynamic binary instrumentation
   framework.

   Copyright (C) 2000-2017 Julian Seward 
      jseward@acm.org

   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
   published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
   License, or (at your option) any later version.

   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
   WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
   General Public License for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
   along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

   The GNU General Public License is contained in the file COPYING.
*/

#include "pub_core_basics.h"
#include "pub_core_machine.h"    // For VG_(machine_get_VexArchInfo)
#include "pub_core_vki.h"
#include "pub_core_vkiscnums.h"
#include "pub_core_libcbase.h"
#include "pub_core_libcassert.h"
#include "pub_core_libcfile.h"
#include "pub_core_libcprint.h"
#include "pub_core_libcproc.h"
#include "pub_core_libcsignal.h"
#include "pub_core_seqmatch.h"
#include "pub_core_mallocfree.h"
#include "pub_core_syscall.h"
#include "pub_core_xarray.h"
#include "pub_core_clientstate.h"
#include "pub_core_debuglog.h"   // VG_(debugLog)

#if defined(VGO_darwin)
/* --- !!! --- EXTERNAL HEADERS start --- !!! --- */
#include <mach/mach.h>   /* mach_thread_self */
/* --- !!! --- EXTERNAL HEADERS end --- !!! --- */
#endif

/* IMPORTANT: on Darwin it is essential to use the _nocancel versions
   of syscalls rather than the vanilla version, if a _nocancel version
   is available.  See docs/internals/Darwin-notes.txt for the reason
   why. */

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   Command line and environment stuff
   ------------------------------------------------------------------ */

/* As deduced from sp_at_startup, the client's argc, argv[] and
   envp[] as extracted from the client's stack at startup-time. */
HChar** VG_(client_envp) = NULL;

/* Path to library directory */
const HChar *VG_(libdir) = VG_LIBDIR;

const HChar *VG_(LD_PRELOAD_var_name) =
#if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_solaris) || defined(VGO_freebsd)
   "LD_PRELOAD";
#elif defined(VGO_darwin)
   "DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES";
#else
#  error Unknown OS
#endif

/* We do getenv without libc's help by snooping around in
   VG_(client_envp) as determined at startup time. */
HChar *VG_(getenv)(const HChar *varname)
{
   Int i, n;
   vg_assert( VG_(client_envp) );
   n = VG_(strlen)(varname);
   for (i = 0; VG_(client_envp)[i] != NULL; i++) {
      HChar* s = VG_(client_envp)[i];
      if (VG_(strncmp)(varname, s, n) == 0 && s[n] == '=') {
         return & s[n+1];
      }
   }
   return NULL;
}

/* If free_fn is not NULL, it is called on "unset" environment variable. */
void  VG_(env_unsetenv) ( HChar **env, const HChar *varname,
                          void (*free_fn) (void *) )
{
   HChar **from, **to;
   vg_assert(env);
   vg_assert(varname);
   to = NULL;
   Int len = VG_(strlen)(varname);

   for (from = to = env; from && *from; from++) {
      if (!(VG_(strncmp)(varname, *from, len) == 0 && (*from)[len] == '=')) {
	 *to = *from;
	 to++;
      } else if (free_fn != NULL) {
         free_fn(*from);
      }
   }
   *to = *from;
}

/* set the environment; returns the old env if a new one was allocated */
HChar **VG_(env_setenv) ( HChar ***envp, const HChar* varname,
                          const HChar *val )
{
   HChar **env = (*envp);
   HChar **cpp;
   Int len = VG_(strlen)(varname);
   HChar *valstr = VG_(malloc)("libcproc.es.1", len + VG_(strlen)(val) + 2);
   HChar **oldenv = NULL;

   VG_(sprintf)(valstr, "%s=%s", varname, val);

   for (cpp = env; cpp && *cpp; cpp++) {
      if (VG_(strncmp)(varname, *cpp, len) == 0 && (*cpp)[len] == '=') {
	 *cpp = valstr;
	 return oldenv;
      }
   }

   if (env == NULL) {
      env = VG_(malloc)("libcproc.es.2", sizeof(HChar *) * 2);
      env[0] = valstr;
      env[1] = NULL;

      *envp = env;

   }  else {
      Int envlen = (cpp-env) + 2;
      HChar **newenv = VG_(malloc)("libcproc.es.3", envlen * sizeof(HChar *));

      for (cpp = newenv; *env; )
	 *cpp++ = *env++;
      *cpp++ = valstr;
      *cpp++ = NULL;

      oldenv = *envp;

      *envp = newenv;
   }

   return oldenv;
}


/* Walk through a colon-separated environment variable, and remove the
   entries which match remove_pattern.  It slides everything down over
   the removed entries, and pads the remaining space with '\0'.  It
   modifies the entries in place (in the client address space), but it
   shouldn't matter too much, since we only do this just before an
   execve().

   This is also careful to mop up any excess ':'s, since empty strings
   delimited by ':' are considered to be '.' in a path.
*/
static void mash_colon_env(HChar *varp, const HChar *remove_pattern)
{
   HChar *const start = varp;
   HChar *entry_start = varp;
   HChar *output = varp;

   if (varp == NULL)
      return;

   while(*varp) {
      if (*varp == ':') {
	 HChar prev;
	 Bool match;

	 /* This is a bit subtle: we want to match against the entry
	    we just copied, because it may have overlapped with
	    itself, junking the original. */

	 prev = *output;
	 *output = '\0';

	 match = VG_(string_match)(remove_pattern, entry_start);

	 *output = prev;
	 
	 if (match) {
	    output = entry_start;
	    varp++;			/* skip ':' after removed entry */
	 } else
	    entry_start = output+1;	/* entry starts after ':' */
      }

      if (*varp)
         *output++ = *varp++;
   }

   /* make sure last entry is nul terminated */
   *output = '\0';

   /* match against the last entry */
   if (VG_(string_match)(remove_pattern, entry_start)) {
      output = entry_start;
      if (output > start) {
	 /* remove trailing ':' */
	 output--;
	 vg_assert(*output == ':');
      }
   }	 

   /* pad out the left-overs with '\0' */
   while(output < varp)
      *output++ = '\0';
}


/* Removes all the Valgrind-added stuff from the passed environment.  Used
   when starting child processes, so they don't see that added stuff.
   If the ro_strings option is set to True then all strings referenced by envp
   are considered read-only, which means they will be duplicated before they
   are modified.
   If free_fn is not NULL, it is called on "unset" environment variables. */
void VG_(env_remove_valgrind_env_stuff)(HChar** envp, Bool ro_strings,
                                        void (*free_fn) (void *) )
{
   Int i;
   HChar* ld_preload_str = NULL;
   HChar* ld_library_path_str = NULL;
   HChar* dyld_insert_libraries_str = NULL;
   HChar* buf;

   // Find LD_* variables
   // DDD: should probably conditionally compiled some of this:
   // - LD_LIBRARY_PATH is universal?
   // - LD_PRELOAD is on Linux, not on Darwin, not sure about AIX
   // - DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES and DYLD_SHARED_REGION are Darwin-only
   for (i = 0; envp[i] != NULL; i++) {
      if (VG_(strncmp)(envp[i], "LD_PRELOAD=", 11) == 0) {
         if (ro_strings)
            envp[i] = VG_(strdup)("libcproc.erves.1", envp[i]);
         ld_preload_str = &envp[i][11];
      }
      if (VG_(strncmp)(envp[i], "LD_LIBRARY_PATH=", 16) == 0) {
         if (ro_strings)
            envp[i] = VG_(strdup)("libcproc.erves.2", envp[i]);
         ld_library_path_str = &envp[i][16];
      }
      if (VG_(strncmp)(envp[i], "DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES=", 22) == 0) {
         if (ro_strings)
            envp[i] = VG_(strdup)("libcproc.erves.3", envp[i]);
         dyld_insert_libraries_str = &envp[i][22];
      }
   }

   buf = VG_(malloc)("libcproc.erves.4", VG_(strlen)(VG_(libdir)) + 20);

   // Remove Valgrind-specific entries from LD_*.
   VG_(sprintf)(buf, "%s*/vgpreload_*.so", VG_(libdir));
   mash_colon_env(ld_preload_str, buf);
   mash_colon_env(dyld_insert_libraries_str, buf);
   VG_(sprintf)(buf, "%s*", VG_(libdir));
   mash_colon_env(ld_library_path_str, buf);

   // Remove VALGRIND_LAUNCHER variable.
   VG_(env_unsetenv)(envp, VALGRIND_LAUNCHER, free_fn);

   // Remove DYLD_SHARED_REGION variable.
   VG_(env_unsetenv)(envp, "DYLD_SHARED_REGION", free_fn);

   // XXX if variable becomes empty, remove it completely?

   VG_(free)(buf);
}

/* Resolves filename of VG_(cl_exec_fd) and copies it to the buffer.
   Buffer must not be NULL and buf_size must be at least 1.
   If buffer is not large enough it is terminated with '\0' only
   when 'terminate_with_NUL == True'. */
void VG_(client_fname)(HChar *buffer, SizeT buf_size, Bool terminate_with_NUL)
{
   vg_assert(buffer != NULL);
   vg_assert(buf_size >= 1);

   const HChar *name;
   if (VG_(resolve_filename)(VG_(cl_exec_fd), &name)) {
      const HChar *n = name + VG_(strlen)(name) - 1;

      while (n > name && *n != '/')
         n--;
      if (n != name)
         n++;

      VG_(strncpy)(buffer, n, buf_size);
      if (terminate_with_NUL)
         buffer[buf_size - 1] = '\0';
   } else {
      buffer[0] = '\0';
   }
}

static Bool add_string(HChar *buffer, SizeT *buf_size, const HChar *string)
{
   SizeT len = VG_(strlen)(string);
   VG_(strncat)(buffer, string, *buf_size);
   if (len >= *buf_size - 1) {
      *buf_size = 0;
      return False;
   } else {
      *buf_size -= len;
      return True;
   }
}

/* Concatenates client exename and command line arguments into
   the buffer. Buffer must not be NULL and buf_size must be
   at least 1. Buffer is always terminated with '\0'. */
void VG_(client_cmd_and_args)(HChar *buffer, SizeT buf_size)
{
   vg_assert(buffer != NULL);
   vg_assert(buf_size >= 1);

   buffer[0] = '\0';

   if (add_string(buffer, &buf_size, VG_(args_the_exename)) == False)
      return;

   Int i;
   for (i = 0; i < VG_(sizeXA)(VG_(args_for_client)); i++) {
      if (add_string(buffer, &buf_size, " ") == False)
         return;

      HChar *arg = *(HChar **) VG_(indexXA)(VG_(args_for_client), i);
      if (add_string(buffer, &buf_size, arg) == False)
         return;
   }
}

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   Various important syscall wrappers
   ------------------------------------------------------------------ */

Int VG_(waitpid)(Int pid, Int *status, Int options)
{
#  if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_freebsd)
   SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_wait4,
                                 pid, (UWord)status, options, 0);
   return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res);
#  elif defined(VGO_darwin)
   SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_wait4_nocancel,
                                 pid, (UWord)status, options, 0);
   return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res);
#  elif defined(VGO_solaris)
   SysRes res;
   vki_idtype_t idtype;
   vki_id_t id;
   vki_siginfo_t info;

   /* We need to do a lot of work here. */

   if (pid > 0) {
      idtype = VKI_P_PID;
      id = pid;
   }
   else if (pid < -1) {
      idtype = VKI_P_PGID;
      id = -pid;
   }
   else if (pid == -1) {
      idtype = VKI_P_ALL;
      id = 0;
   }
   else {
      idtype = VKI_P_PGID;
      res = VG_(do_syscall0)(__NR_getpid);
      id = sr_ResHI(res);
   }

   options |= VKI_WEXITED | VKI_WTRAPPED;

   res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_waitsys, idtype, id, (UWord)&info, options);
   if (sr_isError(res))
      return -1;

   if (status) {
      Int s = info.si_status & 0xff;

      switch (info.si_code) {
         case VKI_CLD_EXITED:
            s <<= 8;
            break;
         case VKI_CLD_DUMPED:
            s |= VKI_WCOREFLG;
            break;
         case VKI_CLD_KILLED:
            break;
         case VKI_CLD_TRAPPED:
         case VKI_CLD_STOPPED:
            s <<= 8;
            s |= VKI_WSTOPFLG;
            break;
         case VKI_CLD_CONTINUED:
            s = VKI_WCONTFLG;
            break;
      }
      *status = s;
   }

   return info.si_pid;
#  else
#    error Unknown OS
#  endif
}

/* clone the environment */
HChar **VG_(env_clone) ( HChar **oldenv )
{
   HChar **oldenvp;
   HChar **newenvp;
   HChar **newenv;
   Int  envlen;

   vg_assert(oldenv);
   for (oldenvp = oldenv; oldenvp && *oldenvp; oldenvp++);

   envlen = oldenvp - oldenv + 1;
   
   newenv = VG_(malloc)("libcproc.ec.1", envlen * sizeof(HChar *));

   oldenvp = oldenv;
   newenvp = newenv;
   
   while (oldenvp && *oldenvp) {
      *newenvp++ = *oldenvp++;
   }
   
   *newenvp = *oldenvp;

   return newenv;
}

void VG_(execv) ( const HChar* filename, const HChar** argv )
{
   HChar** envp;
   SysRes res;

   envp = VG_(env_clone)(VG_(client_envp));
   VG_(env_remove_valgrind_env_stuff)( envp, True /*ro_strings*/, NULL );

   res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_execve,
                          (UWord)filename, (UWord)argv, (UWord)envp);

   VG_(printf)("EXEC failed, errno = %lld\n", (Long)sr_Err(res));
}

/* Spawns a new child. Uses either spawn syscall or fork+execv combo. */
Int VG_(spawn) ( const HChar *filename, const HChar **argv )
{
   vg_assert(filename != NULL);
   vg_assert(argv != NULL);

#  if defined(VGO_solaris) && defined(SOLARIS_SPAWN_SYSCALL)
   HChar **envp = VG_(env_clone)(VG_(client_envp));
   for (HChar **p = envp; *p != NULL; p++) {
      *p = VG_(strdup)("libcproc.s.1", *p);
   }
   VG_(env_remove_valgrind_env_stuff)(envp, /* ro_strings */ False, VG_(free));

   /* Now combine argv and argp into argenv. */
   SizeT argenv_size = 1 + 1;
   for (const HChar **p = argv; *p != NULL; p++) {
      argenv_size += VG_(strlen)(*p) + 2;
   }
   for (HChar **p = envp; *p != NULL; p++) {
      argenv_size += VG_(strlen)(*p) + 2;
   }

   HChar *argenv = VG_(malloc)("libcproc.s.2", argenv_size);
   HChar *current = argenv;
#  define COPY_CHAR_TO_ARGENV(dst, character)  \
      do {                                     \
         *(dst) = character;                   \
         (dst) += 1;                           \
      } while (0)
#  define COPY_STRING_TO_ARGENV(dst, src)        \
      do {                                       \
         COPY_CHAR_TO_ARGENV(dst, '\1');         \
         SizeT src_len = VG_(strlen)((src)) + 1; \
         VG_(memcpy)((dst), (src), src_len);     \
         (dst) += src_len;                       \
      } while (0)

   for (const HChar **p = argv; *p != NULL; p++) {
      COPY_STRING_TO_ARGENV(current, *p);
   }
   COPY_CHAR_TO_ARGENV(current, '\0');
   for (HChar **p = envp; *p != NULL; p++) {
      COPY_STRING_TO_ARGENV(current, *p);
   }
   COPY_CHAR_TO_ARGENV(current, '\0');
   vg_assert(current == argenv + argenv_size);
#  undef COPY_CHAR_TO_ARGENV
#  undef COPY_STRING_TOARGENV

   SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall5)(__NR_spawn, (UWord) filename, (UWord) NULL, 0,
                                 (UWord) argenv, argenv_size);

   VG_(free)(argenv);
   for (HChar **p = envp; *p != NULL; p++) {
      VG_(free)(*p);
   }
   VG_(free)(envp);

   if (sr_isError(res))
      return -1;
   return sr_Res(res);

#  else

   Int pid = VG_(fork)();
   if (pid < 0)
      return -1;
   if (pid == 0) {
      /* child */
      VG_(execv)(argv[0], argv);

      /* If we're still alive here, execv failed. */
      VG_(exit)(1);
   } else {
      return pid;
   }
#  endif /* VGO_solaris && SOLARIS_SPAWN_SYSCALL */
}

/* Return -1 if error, else 0.  NOTE does not indicate return code of
   child! */
Int VG_(system) ( const HChar* cmd )
{
   Int pid;
   if (cmd == NULL)
      return 1;

   const HChar *argv[4] = { "/bin/sh", "-c", cmd, 0 };
   pid = VG_(spawn)(argv[0], argv);
   if (pid < 0)
      return -1;

   vg_assert(pid > 0);
   /* parent */
   /* We have to set SIGCHLD to its default behaviour in order that
      VG_(waitpid) works (at least on AIX).  According to the Linux
      man page for waitpid:

      POSIX.1-2001 specifies that if the disposition of SIGCHLD is
      set to SIG_IGN or the SA_NOCLDWAIT flag is set for SIGCHLD
      (see sigaction(2)), then children that terminate do not
      become zombies and a call to wait() or waitpid() will block
      until all children have terminated, and then fail with errno
      set to ECHILD.  (The original POSIX standard left the
      behaviour of setting SIGCHLD to SIG_IGN unspecified.)
   */
   Int ir, zzz;
   vki_sigaction_toK_t sa, sa2;
   vki_sigaction_fromK_t saved_sa;
   VG_(memset)( &sa, 0, sizeof(sa) );
   VG_(sigemptyset)(&sa.sa_mask);
   sa.ksa_handler = VKI_SIG_DFL;
   sa.sa_flags    = 0;
   ir = VG_(sigaction)(VKI_SIGCHLD, &sa, &saved_sa);
   vg_assert(ir == 0);

   zzz = VG_(waitpid)(pid, NULL, 0);

   VG_(convert_sigaction_fromK_to_toK)( &saved_sa, &sa2 );
   ir = VG_(sigaction)(VKI_SIGCHLD, &sa2, NULL);
   vg_assert(ir == 0);
   return zzz == -1 ? -1 : 0;
}

Int VG_(sysctl)(Int *name, UInt namelen, void *oldp, SizeT *oldlenp, const void *newp, SizeT newlen)
{
   SysRes res;
#  if defined(VGO_darwin) || defined(VGO_freebsd)
   res = VG_(do_syscall6)(__NR___sysctl,
                           (UWord)name, namelen, (UWord)oldp, (UWord)oldlenp, (UWord)newp, newlen);
#  else
   res = VG_(mk_SysRes_Error)(VKI_ENOSYS);
#  endif
   return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res);
}

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   Resource limits
   ------------------------------------------------------------------ */

/* Support for getrlimit. */
Int VG_(getrlimit) (Int resource, struct vki_rlimit *rlim)
{
   SysRes res;
   /* res = getrlimit( resource, rlim ); */

#  if defined(__NR_prlimit64) && defined(VKI_RLIM_INFINITY) && defined(VKI_RLIM64_INFINITY)
   struct vki_rlimit64 new_rlimit;
   res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_prlimit64, 0, resource, 0, (UWord)&new_rlimit);
   if (!sr_isError(res)) {
      if (new_rlimit.rlim_cur == VKI_RLIM_INFINITY)
         new_rlimit.rlim_cur = VKI_RLIM64_INFINITY;
      if (new_rlimit.rlim_max == VKI_RLIM_INFINITY)
         new_rlimit.rlim_max = VKI_RLIM64_INFINITY;
      rlim->rlim_cur = new_rlimit.rlim_cur;
      rlim->rlim_max = new_rlimit.rlim_max;
      return sr_Res(res);
   }
   if (sr_Err(res) != VKI_ENOSYS) return -1;
#  endif

#  ifdef __NR_ugetrlimit
   res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_ugetrlimit, resource, (UWord)rlim);
   if (!sr_isError(res)) return sr_Res(res);
   if (sr_Err(res) != VKI_ENOSYS) return -1;
#  endif

#  ifdef __NR_getrlimit
   res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_getrlimit, resource, (UWord)rlim);
   if (!sr_isError(res)) return sr_Res(res);
#  endif

   return -1;
}

/* Support for setrlimit. */
Int VG_(setrlimit) (Int resource, const struct vki_rlimit *rlim)
{
   SysRes res;
   /* res = setrlimit( resource, rlim ); */

#  ifdef __NR_prlimit64
   struct vki_rlimit64 new_rlimit;
   new_rlimit.rlim_cur = rlim->rlim_cur;
   new_rlimit.rlim_max = rlim->rlim_max;
   res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_prlimit64, 0, resource, (UWord)&new_rlimit, 0);
   if (!sr_isError(res)) return sr_Res(res);
   if (sr_Err(res) != VKI_ENOSYS) return -1;
#  endif

#  ifdef __NR_setrlimit
   res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_setrlimit, resource, (UWord)rlim);
   if (!sr_isError(res)) return sr_Res(res);
   if (sr_Err(res) != VKI_ENOSYS) return -1;
#  endif

   return -1;
}

/* Support for prctl. */
Int VG_(prctl) (Int option, 
                ULong arg2, ULong arg3, ULong arg4, ULong arg5)
{
   SysRes res = VG_(mk_SysRes_Error)(VKI_ENOSYS);
#  if defined(VGO_linux)
   /* res = prctl( option, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5 ); */
   res = VG_(do_syscall5)(__NR_prctl, (UWord) option,
                          (UWord) arg2, (UWord) arg3, (UWord) arg4,
                          (UWord) arg5);
#  endif

   return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res);
}

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   pids, etc
   ------------------------------------------------------------------ */

Int VG_(gettid)(void)
{
#  if defined(VGO_linux)
   SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall0)(__NR_gettid);

   if (sr_isError(res) && sr_Res(res) == VKI_ENOSYS) {
      HChar pid[16];      
      /*
       * The gettid system call does not exist. The obvious assumption
       * to make at this point would be that we are running on an older
       * system where the getpid system call actually returns the ID of
       * the current thread.
       *
       * Unfortunately it seems that there are some systems with a kernel
       * where getpid has been changed to return the ID of the thread group
       * leader but where the gettid system call has not yet been added.
       *
       * So instead of calling getpid here we use readlink to see where
       * the /proc/self link is pointing...
       */

#     if defined(VGP_arm64_linux) || defined(VGP_nanomips_linux)
      res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_readlinkat, VKI_AT_FDCWD,
                             (UWord)"/proc/self",
                             (UWord)pid, sizeof(pid));
#     else
      res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_readlink, (UWord)"/proc/self",
                             (UWord)pid, sizeof(pid));
#     endif
      if (!sr_isError(res) && sr_Res(res) > 0) {
         HChar* s;
         pid[sr_Res(res)] = '\0';
         res = VG_(mk_SysRes_Success)(  VG_(strtoll10)(pid, &s) );
         if (*s != '\0') {
            VG_(message)(Vg_DebugMsg, 
               "Warning: invalid file name linked to by /proc/self: %s\n",
               pid);
         }
      }
   }

   return sr_Res(res);

#  elif defined(VGO_freebsd)
   SysRes res;
   long tid;

   res = VG_(do_syscall1)(__NR_thr_self, (UWord)&tid);   
   if (sr_isError(res))
      tid = sr_Res(VG_(do_syscall0)(__NR_getpid));
   return tid;
   
#  elif defined(VGO_darwin)
   // Darwin's gettid syscall is something else.
   // Use Mach thread ports for lwpid instead.
   return mach_thread_self();

#  elif defined(VGO_solaris)
   SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall0)(__NR_lwp_self);
   return sr_Res(res);

#  else
#    error "Unknown OS"
#  endif
}

/* You'd be amazed how many places need to know the current pid. */
Int VG_(getpid) ( void )
{
   /* ASSUMES SYSCALL ALWAYS SUCCEEDS */
   return sr_Res( VG_(do_syscall0)(__NR_getpid) );
}

Int VG_(getpgrp) ( void )
{
   /* ASSUMES SYSCALL ALWAYS SUCCEEDS */
#  if defined(VGP_arm64_linux) || defined(VGP_nanomips_linux)
   return sr_Res( VG_(do_syscall1)(__NR_getpgid, 0) );
#  elif defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_darwin) || defined(VGO_freebsd)
   return sr_Res( VG_(do_syscall0)(__NR_getpgrp) );
#  elif defined(VGO_solaris)
   /* Uses the shared pgrpsys syscall, 0 for the getpgrp variant. */
   return sr_Res( VG_(do_syscall1)(__NR_pgrpsys, 0) );
#  else
#    error Unknown OS
#  endif
}

Int VG_(getppid) ( void )
{
   /* ASSUMES SYSCALL ALWAYS SUCCEEDS */
#  if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_darwin) || defined(VGO_freebsd)
   return sr_Res( VG_(do_syscall0)(__NR_getppid) );
#  elif defined(VGO_solaris)
   /* Uses the shared getpid/getppid syscall, val2 contains a parent pid. */
   return sr_ResHI( VG_(do_syscall0)(__NR_getpid) );
#  else
#    error Unknown OS
#  endif
}

Int VG_(geteuid) ( void )
{
   /* ASSUMES SYSCALL ALWAYS SUCCEEDS */
#  if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_darwin) || defined(VGO_freebsd)
   {
#     if defined(__NR_geteuid32)
      // We use the 32-bit version if it's supported.  Otherwise, IDs greater
      // than 65536 cause problems, as bug #151209 showed.
      return sr_Res( VG_(do_syscall0)(__NR_geteuid32) );
#     else
      return sr_Res( VG_(do_syscall0)(__NR_geteuid) );
#     endif
   }
#  elif defined(VGO_solaris)
   /* Uses the shared getuid/geteuid syscall, val2 contains the effective
      uid. */
   return sr_ResHI( VG_(do_syscall0)(__NR_getuid) );
#  else
#    error Unknown OS
#  endif
}

Int VG_(getegid) ( void )
{
#  if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_darwin) || defined(VGO_freebsd)
   /* ASSUMES SYSCALL ALWAYS SUCCEEDS */
#    if defined(__NR_getegid32)
   // We use the 32-bit version if it's supported.  Otherwise, IDs greater
   // than 65536 cause problems, as bug #151209 showed.
   return sr_Res( VG_(do_syscall0)(__NR_getegid32) );
#    else
   return sr_Res( VG_(do_syscall0)(__NR_getegid) );
#    endif

#  elif defined(VGO_solaris)
   /* Uses the shared getgid/getegid syscall, val2 contains the effective
      gid. */
   return sr_ResHI( VG_(do_syscall0)(__NR_getgid) );
#  else
#    error Unknown OS
#  endif
}

/* Get supplementary groups into list[0 .. size-1].  Returns the
   number of groups written, or -1 if error.  Note that in order to be
   portable, the groups are 32-bit unsigned ints regardless of the
   platform. 
   As a special case, if size == 0 the function returns the number of
   groups leaving list untouched. */
Int VG_(getgroups)( Int size, UInt* list )
{
   if (size < 0) return -1;

#  if defined(VGP_x86_linux) || defined(VGP_ppc32_linux) \
      || defined(VGP_mips64_linux)
   Int    i;
   SysRes sres;
   UShort list16[size];
   sres = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_getgroups, size, (Addr)list16);
   if (sr_isError(sres))
      return -1;
   if (size != 0) {
      for (i = 0; i < sr_Res(sres); i++)
         list[i] = (UInt)list16[i];
   }
   return sr_Res(sres);

#  elif defined(VGP_amd64_linux) || defined(VGP_arm_linux) \
        || defined(VGP_ppc64be_linux) || defined(VGP_ppc64le_linux)  \
        || defined(VGO_darwin) || defined(VGP_s390x_linux)    \
        || defined(VGP_mips32_linux) || defined(VGP_arm64_linux) \
        || defined(VGO_solaris) || defined(VGP_nanomips_linux) \
        || defined(VGO_freebsd)
   SysRes sres;
   sres = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_getgroups, size, (Addr)list);
   if (sr_isError(sres))
      return -1;
   return sr_Res(sres);

#  else
#     error "VG_(getgroups): needs implementation on this platform"
#  endif
}

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   Process tracing
   ------------------------------------------------------------------ */

Int VG_(ptrace) ( Int request, Int pid, void *addr, void *data )
{
   SysRes res;
#  if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_darwin) || defined(VGO_freebsd)
   res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_ptrace, request, pid, (UWord)addr, (UWord)data);
#  elif defined(VGO_solaris)
   /* There is no ptrace syscall on Solaris.  Such requests has to be
      implemented using the /proc interface.  Callers of VG_(ptrace) should
      ensure that this function is not reached on Solaris, i.e. they must
      provide a special code for Solaris for whatever feature they provide. */
   I_die_here;
#  else
#    error Unknown OS
#  endif
   if (sr_isError(res))
      return -1;
   return sr_Res(res);
}

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   Fork
   ------------------------------------------------------------------ */

Int VG_(fork) ( void )
{
#  if defined(VGP_arm64_linux) || defined(VGP_nanomips_linux)
   SysRes res;
   res = VG_(do_syscall5)(__NR_clone, VKI_SIGCHLD,
                          (UWord)NULL, (UWord)NULL, (UWord)NULL, (UWord)NULL);
   if (sr_isError(res))
      return -1;
   return sr_Res(res);

#  elif defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_freebsd)
   SysRes res;
   res = VG_(do_syscall0)(__NR_fork);
   if (sr_isError(res))
      return -1;
   return sr_Res(res);

#  elif defined(VGO_darwin)
   SysRes res;
   res = VG_(do_syscall0)(__NR_fork); /* __NR_fork is UX64 */
   if (sr_isError(res))
      return -1;
   /* on success: wLO = child pid; wHI = 1 for child, 0 for parent */
   if (sr_ResHI(res) != 0) {
      return 0;  /* this is child: return 0 instead of child pid */
   }
   return sr_Res(res);

#  elif defined(VGO_solaris)
   /* Using fork() on Solaris is not really the best thing to do. Solaris
      does not do memory overcommitment so fork() can fail if there is not
      enough memory to copy the current process into a new one.
      Prefer to use VG_(spawn)() over VG_(fork)() + VG_(execv)(). */
   SysRes res;
   res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_forksys, 0 /*subcode (fork)*/, 0 /*flags*/);
   if (sr_isError(res))
      return -1;
   /* On success:
        val = a pid of the child in the parent, a pid of the parent in the
              child,
        val2 = 0 in the parent process, 1 in the child process. */
   if (sr_ResHI(res) != 0) {
      return 0;
   }
   return sr_Res(res);

#  else
#    error "Unknown OS"
#  endif
}

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   Timing stuff
   ------------------------------------------------------------------ */

UInt VG_(read_millisecond_timer) ( void )
{
   /* 'now' and 'base' are in microseconds */
   static ULong base = 0;
   ULong  now;

#  if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_solaris)
   { SysRes res;
     struct vki_timespec ts_now;
     res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_clock_gettime, VKI_CLOCK_MONOTONIC,
                            (UWord)&ts_now);
     if (sr_isError(res) == 0) {
        now = ts_now.tv_sec * 1000000ULL + ts_now.tv_nsec / 1000;
     } else {
       struct vki_timeval tv_now;
       /* Note: On Solaris, this syscall takes only one parameter but the
          extra dummy one does not cause any harm. */
       res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_gettimeofday, (UWord)&tv_now, (UWord)NULL);
       vg_assert(! sr_isError(res));
       now = tv_now.tv_sec * 1000000ULL + tv_now.tv_usec;
     }
   }

#  elif defined(VGO_freebsd)
   { SysRes res;
     struct vki_timeval tv_now;
     res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_gettimeofday, (UWord)&tv_now, (UWord)NULL);
     vg_assert(! sr_isError(res));
     now = tv_now.tv_sec * 1000000ULL + tv_now.tv_usec;
   }
#  elif defined(VGO_darwin)
   // Weird: it seems that gettimeofday() doesn't fill in the timeval, but
   // rather returns the tv_sec as the low 32 bits of the result and the
   // tv_usec as the high 32 bits of the result.  (But the timeval cannot be
   // NULL!)  See bug 200990.
   { SysRes res;
     struct vki_timeval tv_now = { 0, 0 };
     res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_gettimeofday, (UWord)&tv_now, (UWord)NULL);
     vg_assert(! sr_isError(res));
     now = sr_Res(res) * 1000000ULL + sr_ResHI(res);
   }

#  else
#    error "Unknown OS"
#  endif

   /* COMMON CODE */  
   if (base == 0)
      base = now;

   return (now - base) / 1000;
}

#  if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_solaris) || defined(VGO_freebsd)
void VG_(clock_gettime) ( struct vki_timespec *ts, vki_clockid_t clk_id )
{
    SysRes res;
    res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_clock_gettime, clk_id,
                           (UWord)ts);
    vg_assert (sr_isError(res) == 0);
}
#  elif defined(VGO_darwin)
  /* See pub_tool_libcproc.h */
#  else
#    error "Unknown OS"
#  endif

Int VG_(gettimeofday)(struct vki_timeval *tv, struct vki_timezone *tz)
{
   SysRes res;
   res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_gettimeofday, (UWord)tv, (UWord)tz);

   if (! sr_isError(res)) return 0;

   /* Make sure, argument values are deterministic upon failure */
   if (tv) *tv = (struct vki_timeval){ .tv_sec = 0, .tv_usec = 0 };
   if (tz) *tz = (struct vki_timezone){ .tz_minuteswest = 0, .tz_dsttime = 0 };

   return -1;
}

UInt VG_(get_user_milliseconds)(void)
{
   UInt res = 0;
#  if defined(VGO_linux)
   {
      struct vki_rusage ru;
      VG_(memset)(&ru, 0, sizeof(ru));
      SysRes sr = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_getrusage, VKI_RUSAGE_SELF, (UWord)&ru);
      if (!sr_isError(sr)) {
         res = ru.ru_utime.tv_sec * 1000 + ru.ru_utime.tv_usec / 1000;
      }
   }

#  elif defined(VGO_solaris)
   {
      struct vki_rusage ru;
      VG_(memset)(&ru, 0, sizeof(ru));
      SysRes sr = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_rusagesys, VKI__RUSAGESYS_GETRUSAGE,
                                   (UWord) &ru);
      if (!sr_isError(sr)) {
         res = ru.ru_utime.tv_sec * 1000 + ru.ru_utime.tv_usec / 1000;
      }
   }

#  elif defined(VGO_freebsd)
   {
      struct vki_rusage ru;
      VG_(memset)(&ru, 0, sizeof(ru));
      SysRes sr = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_getrusage, VKI_RUSAGE_SELF, (UWord)&ru);
      if (!sr_isError(sr)) {
         res = ru.ru_utime.tv_sec * 1000 + ru.ru_utime.tv_usec / 1000;
      }
   }

#  elif defined(VGO_darwin)
   res = 0;

#  else
#    error "Unknown OS"
#  endif

   return res;
}


/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   atfork()
   ------------------------------------------------------------------ */

struct atfork {
   vg_atfork_t  pre;
   vg_atfork_t  parent;
   vg_atfork_t  child;
};

#define VG_MAX_ATFORK 10

static struct atfork atforks[VG_MAX_ATFORK];
static Int n_atfork = 0;

void VG_(atfork)(vg_atfork_t pre, vg_atfork_t parent, vg_atfork_t child)
{
   Int i;

   for (i = 0; i < n_atfork; i++) {
      if (atforks[i].pre == pre &&
          atforks[i].parent == parent &&
          atforks[i].child == child)
         return;
   }

   if (n_atfork >= VG_MAX_ATFORK)
      VG_(core_panic)(
         "Too many VG_(atfork) handlers requested: raise VG_MAX_ATFORK");

   atforks[n_atfork].pre    = pre;
   atforks[n_atfork].parent = parent;
   atforks[n_atfork].child  = child;

   n_atfork++;
}

void VG_(do_atfork_pre)(ThreadId tid)
{
   Int i;

   for (i = 0; i < n_atfork; i++)
      if (atforks[i].pre != NULL)
         (*atforks[i].pre)(tid);
}

void VG_(do_atfork_parent)(ThreadId tid)
{
   Int i;

   for (i = 0; i < n_atfork; i++)
      if (atforks[i].parent != NULL)
         (*atforks[i].parent)(tid);
}

void VG_(do_atfork_child)(ThreadId tid)
{
   Int i;

   for (i = 0; i < n_atfork; i++)
      if (atforks[i].child != NULL)
         (*atforks[i].child)(tid);
}

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   FreeBSD sysctlbyname(), modfind(), etc
   ------------------------------------------------------------------ */

#if defined(VGO_freebsd)
Int VG_(sysctlbyname)(const HChar *name, void *oldp, SizeT *oldlenp, const void *newp, SizeT newlen)
{
   Int oid[2];
   Int real_oid[10];
   SizeT oidlen;
   int error;

   oid[0] = 0;		/* magic */
   oid[1] = 3;		/* undocumented */
   oidlen = sizeof(real_oid);
   error = VG_(sysctl)(oid, 2, real_oid, &oidlen, name, VG_(strlen)(name));
   if (error < 0)
      return error;
   oidlen /= sizeof(int);
   error = VG_(sysctl)(real_oid, oidlen, oldp, oldlenp, newp, newlen);
   return error;
}

Int VG_(getosreldate)(void)
{
   static Int osreldate = 0;
   SizeT osreldatel;

   if (osreldate == 0) {
      osreldatel = sizeof(osreldate);
      VG_(sysctlbyname)("kern.osreldate", &osreldate, &osreldatel, 0, 0);
   }
   return (osreldate);
}

Bool VG_(is32on64)(void)
{
#if defined(VGP_amd64_freebsd)
   return False;
#elif defined(VGP_x86_freebsd)
   SysRes res;
   struct vg_stat stat_buf;
   res = VG_(stat)("/libexec/ld-elf32.so.1", &stat_buf);
   if (!sr_isError(res)) {
      // file exists, we're running on amd64
      VG_(debugLog)(1, "check-os-bitness", "i386 executable on amd64 kernel\n");
      return True;
   } else {
      VG_(debugLog)(1, "check-os-bitness", "i386 executable on i386 kernel\n");
      return False;
   }
#else
#  error Unknown platform
#endif
}
#endif

/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   icache invalidation
   ------------------------------------------------------------------ */

void VG_(invalidate_icache) ( void *ptr, SizeT nbytes )
{
   if (nbytes == 0) return;    // nothing to do

   // Get cache info
   VexArchInfo vai;
   VG_(machine_get_VexArchInfo)(NULL, &vai);

   // If I-caches are coherent, nothing needs to be done here
   if (vai.hwcache_info.icaches_maintain_coherence) return;

#  if defined(VGA_ppc32) || defined(VGA_ppc64be) || defined(VGA_ppc64le)
   Addr startaddr = (Addr) ptr;
   Addr endaddr   = startaddr + nbytes;
   Addr cls;
   Addr addr;

   cls = vai.ppc_icache_line_szB;

   /* Stay sane .. */
   vg_assert(cls == 16 || cls == 32 || cls == 64 || cls == 128);

   startaddr &= ~(cls - 1);
   for (addr = startaddr; addr < endaddr; addr += cls) {
      __asm__ __volatile__("dcbst 0,%0" : : "r" (addr));
   }
   __asm__ __volatile__("sync");
   for (addr = startaddr; addr < endaddr; addr += cls) {
      __asm__ __volatile__("icbi 0,%0" : : "r" (addr));
   }
   __asm__ __volatile__("sync; isync");

#  elif defined(VGP_arm_linux)
   /* ARM cache flushes are privileged, so we must defer to the kernel. */
   Addr startaddr = (Addr) ptr;
   Addr endaddr   = startaddr + nbytes;
   VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_ARM_cacheflush, startaddr, endaddr);

#  elif defined(VGP_arm64_linux)
   // This arm64_linux section of this function VG_(invalidate_icache)
   // is copied from
   // https://github.com/armvixl/vixl/blob/master/src/a64/cpu-a64.cc
   // which has the following copyright notice:
   /*
   Copyright 2013, ARM Limited
   All rights reserved.

   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
   
   * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
     this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
     this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
     and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
   * Neither the name of ARM Limited nor the names of its contributors may be
     used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
     specific prior written permission.

   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
   ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
   WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
   DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
   FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
   DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
   SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
   CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
   OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
   */

   // Ask what the I and D line sizes are
   UInt cache_type_register;
   // Copy the content of the cache type register to a core register.
   __asm__ __volatile__ ("mrs %[ctr], ctr_el0" // NOLINT
                         : [ctr] "=r" (cache_type_register));

   const Int kDCacheLineSizeShift = 16;
   const Int kICacheLineSizeShift = 0;
   const UInt kDCacheLineSizeMask = 0xf << kDCacheLineSizeShift;
   const UInt kICacheLineSizeMask = 0xf << kICacheLineSizeShift;

   // The cache type register holds the size of the I and D caches as a power of
   // two.
   const UInt dcache_line_size_power_of_two =
       (cache_type_register & kDCacheLineSizeMask) >> kDCacheLineSizeShift;
   const UInt icache_line_size_power_of_two =
       (cache_type_register & kICacheLineSizeMask) >> kICacheLineSizeShift;

   const UInt dcache_line_size_ = 4 * (1 << dcache_line_size_power_of_two);
   const UInt icache_line_size_ = 4 * (1 << icache_line_size_power_of_two);

   Addr start = (Addr)ptr;
   // Sizes will be used to generate a mask big enough to cover a pointer.
   Addr dsize = (Addr)dcache_line_size_;
   Addr isize = (Addr)icache_line_size_;

   // Cache line sizes are always a power of 2.
   Addr dstart = start & ~(dsize - 1);
   Addr istart = start & ~(isize - 1);
   Addr end    = start + nbytes;

   __asm__ __volatile__ (
     // Clean every line of the D cache containing the target data.
     "0: \n\t"
     // dc : Data Cache maintenance
     // c : Clean
     // va : by (Virtual) Address
     // u : to the point of Unification
     // The point of unification for a processor is the point by which the
     // instruction and data caches are guaranteed to see the same copy of a
     // memory location. See ARM DDI 0406B page B2-12 for more information.
     "dc cvau, %[dline] \n\t"
     "add %[dline], %[dline], %[dsize] \n\t"
     "cmp %[dline], %[end] \n\t"
     "b.lt 0b \n\t"
     // Barrier to make sure the effect of the code above is visible to the rest
     // of the world.
     // dsb : Data Synchronisation Barrier
     // ish : Inner SHareable domain
     // The point of unification for an Inner Shareable shareability domain is
     // the point by which the instruction and data caches of all the processors
     // in that Inner Shareable shareability domain are guaranteed to see the
     // same copy of a memory location. See ARM DDI 0406B page B2-12 for more
     // information.
     "dsb ish \n\t"
     // Invalidate every line of the I cache containing the target data.
     "1: \n\t"
     // ic : instruction cache maintenance
     // i : invalidate
     // va : by address
     // u : to the point of unification
     "ic ivau, %[iline] \n\t"
     "add %[iline], %[iline], %[isize] \n\t"
     "cmp %[iline], %[end] \n\t"
     "b.lt 1b \n\t"
     // Barrier to make sure the effect of the code above is visible to the rest
     // of the world.
     "dsb ish \n\t"
     // Barrier to ensure any prefetching which happened before this code is
     // discarded.
     // isb : Instruction Synchronisation Barrier
     "isb \n\t"
     : [dline] "+r" (dstart),
       [iline] "+r" (istart)
     : [dsize] "r" (dsize),
       [isize] "r" (isize),
       [end] "r" (end)
     // This code does not write to memory but without the dependency gcc might
     // move this code before the code is generated.
     : "cc", "memory"
   );

#  elif defined(VGA_mips32) || defined(VGA_mips64)
   SysRes sres = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_cacheflush, (UWord) ptr,
                                 (UWord) nbytes, (UWord) 3);
   vg_assert( !sr_isError(sres) );

# elif defined(VGA_nanomips)

   __builtin___clear_cache(ptr, (char*)ptr + nbytes);

#  endif
}


/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   dcache flushing
   ------------------------------------------------------------------ */

void VG_(flush_dcache) ( void *ptr, SizeT nbytes )
{
   /* Currently this is only required on ARM64. */
#  if defined(VGA_arm64)
   Addr startaddr = (Addr) ptr;
   Addr endaddr   = startaddr + nbytes;
   Addr cls;
   Addr addr;

   ULong ctr_el0;
   __asm__ __volatile__ ("mrs %0, ctr_el0" : "=r"(ctr_el0));
   cls = 4 * (1ULL << (0xF & (ctr_el0 >> 16)));

   /* Stay sane .. */
   vg_assert(cls == 64 || cls == 128);

   startaddr &= ~(cls - 1);
   for (addr = startaddr; addr < endaddr; addr += cls) {
      __asm__ __volatile__("dc cvau, %0" : : "r" (addr));
   }
   __asm__ __volatile__("dsb ish");
#  endif
}

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*--- end                                                          ---*/
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
