## Fluorescent Whitener Additive Compensation (FWA Compensation)

### Introduction

To make paper look "whiter" without increasing the cost of production, paper manufactures often employ a couple of different techniques. One technique is to add "shading agents" to the paper, that absorb a little of the middle wavelengths, thereby changing the color of the paper to be a little less green. By far the most powerful way of making the paper appear more white is to add Fluorescent Whitener Additive (FWA, or Optical Brightening Agents - OBA) to the paper. This is basically a fluorescent material that absorbs light at Ultra Violet (U.V.) wavelengths, and re-emits it at a slightly longer blue wavelengths. Subjectively something that appears more blue, is regarded as being "whiter".
For more technical treatment of this topic, please refer to this excellent paper: <http://www.axiphos.com/BrightnessReview.pdf>

### Fluorescence

Fluorescent materials absorb light radiation at one wavelength, and then almost instantaneously re-emit some of that energy at a longer wavelength. Typical FWA absorbs wavelengths in the U.V. between about 300 and 400 nm, and re-emit it between 400 and 460nm. The visual effect of FWA depends on the amount of it present in the paper, and the amount of U.V. in the illumination compared to the level of normal, visible light. Generally better quality papers have lower levels of whitening agents, and cheaper papers more.

### Reflection Models and Spectro-colorimetry

The way a spectrometer measures the effect of ink on paper, depends on a model of how an illuminant is reflected by the ink and the paper. Typically a spectrometer instrument illuminates the sample with a known illumination, often a incandescent tungsten lamp having a color temperature of 2800 degrees Kelvin. It measures the amount of light reflected by the sample at each wavelength, and then converts that to spectral reflectance value between 0 and 100% by dividing by it's measurement illuminant's intensity at each wavelength. When it comes time to use that measurement to create an ICC profile, the intensity of the assumed viewing illumination at each wavelength (typically D50 for standard ICC profiles) is then multiplied by the reflectance at each wavelength, and the overall spectral reflectance is in this way converted into CIE tri-stimulus values using an observer model.
So while the instrument measures with one type of light (type A, or a white LED), it returns a measurement as if it had been measured under a different kind of light (D50) by making use of a simple model of light reflection off the media.
Notice that a key assumption of this simple model is that the light that impinges on the sample at a given wavelength is reflected back at exactly the same wavelength at a diminished intensity. Notice also that any sort of fluorescent material (such as FWA) breaks this model, since fluorescent materials emit light a different wavelengths to which they absorb it. So the color measurements do not accurately portray the appearance of the media when FWA is present. A more complicated bi-spectral measurement (2 dimensional spectral reflectance) is actually needed to fully characterize fluorescent materials.

### What Argyll's FWA compensation does

The FWA compensation function in Argyll improve on this simple model of spectral reflection by taking into account the action of FWA. To do this, it needs to measure the amount and nature of the FWA in the media, and then have enough information about the viewing environment to model how that FWA will behave.
To be able to measure the level of FWA in the media, the instrument needs to be able to "see" the FWA in action, so the instrument needs to be illuminating the samples with some level of U.V. Typically all instruments do this, unless they have been fitted with a filter that filters out any U.V. illumination (so called "UV cut" instruments), or use an illumination source such as a "white" LED that doesn't emit any U.V.
Such UV excluded instruments are not suitable for use with FWA compensation.
The effects of FWA are modeled spectrally, so a spectral reading instrument is also required.
Argyll can compute a model for the effects of FWA given the media's spectral characteristics, and the illuminations spectral characteristic, which must include the levels of U.V. in the illuminant. Given these two things, Argyll can calculate how much effect the FWA will have on the light being reflected and emitted by the media under the intended illumination.
Ideally the level of FWA would be measured by comparing the paper spectrum with and without U.V. present in the instruments illumination. Because not all instruments allow these two measurements to be done without some sort of manual intervention, Argyll avoids the need for an FWA inactive (UV cut) or extra UV (UV LED) measurement by employing a heuristic to estimate the FWA inactive spectrum from the spectrum of the paper with FWA active. Being a heuristic, it can sometimes be fooled by certain paper colors into estimating more or less FWA content than is actual present. The heuristic works best with high quality papers with an essentially flat non-FWA enhanced spectrum. Papers with colored tints or particularly off white appearance may not work well with FWA compensation, unless the instrument has the capability of measuring with two different levels of UV.
Note that typically in Argyll, if a viewing illuminant is specified, then it is used for computing the appearance under that illumination (CIE XYZ values), and if FWA compensation is used, then that same illuminant will be assumed for the simulated measurement illuminant. This results in measurements that better reflects the appearance as the media as if it was being viewed under that illuminant, FWA effects and all.
It is possible to also simulate the measurement of a media under one illuminant, while then computing the tristimulus values as if being viewed under a different illuminant, but this scenario is only really useful for reproducing standardized measurement conditions such as ISO 13655:2009 M0, M1 and M2, and is less useful than the normal FWA compensation scenario in modelling real world situations.
[The Argyll FWA compensation algorithm is described in the paper: A Practical Approach to Measuring and Modelling Paper Fluorescense for Improved Colorimetric Characterisation of Printing Processes", Graeme W. Gill, Proc. IS&T/SID 11th Color Imaging Conference, Scottsdale, Arizona; November 2003; p. 248-254, and was first published on December 2, 2002 in the argyllu_2002_12_02 source code. ]

### Using FWA Compensation with proofing

The most common situation for employing FWA compensation, is in proofing. This is when you have one printing device, the target (say a printing press), and wish to emulate the behaviour of it with a different device, the proofer (say an inkjet printer). The aim is to be able to put both prints next to each other in a viewing booth, and have them look identical. Typically the printing process, the inks, and the media will be different between the target device and the proofer. The aim of applying color profiling is to compensate for these differences. Since the printing process can only darken a white media, the selection of the proofing stock is critical. Ideally it should be exactly the same color as the target, or if not possible, lighter, so that the proofer can tint the proofing media to match the target. If the two media had identical levels and types of FWA in them, then there would be no need to use FWA compensation, since the appearance of the media would match under any viewing condition. Typically though, the levels and types of FWA are different between the target paper and the proofing paper. A limitation imposed by tri-stimulus colorimetry is that the differences between the two media, inks and FWA can only be compensated for perfectly, under a fixed and known illuminant.
By allowing Argyll to model the effects of FWA for both the source profile (the target device), and the destination profile (the proofing device), the effects can be accounted for, modeled accurately, and incorporated in the profiles, so that a subsequent transformation from source to destination device spaces using absolute colorimetric intent, achieves a (hopefully) perfect colorimetric reproduction. Since this is a closed system, where both the source and destination profiles are made for each other, non-standard parameters such as illuminant and observer models can be used, as long as they are the same for both profiles. For proofing, FWA should be applied identically to both profiles, by specifying the same illuminant, and (optionally) the same observer model.
[ In practice it is possible to compensate for the color shift that results in viewing the media under non-D50 illumination or using a non 1931_2 observer, or allowing for FWA effects without severe incompatibility because all rendering intents except absolute rendering normalize to the media color, rendering the media white as white, even though the absolute values are not measured using a D50 illuminant. ]

### Using FWA compensation for single, general use profiles

For creating ICC profiles that will be interchanged with other unknown ICC profiles, or used with non-print source or destination profiles, there is less flexibility, since ICC profiles by convention assume that all media is being viewed under D50 illumination. The implication of this is that to be fully interchangeable, it's not really possible to make the profile for your actual viewing environment. Note that the D50 values that are calculated without FWA compensation do not actually reflect the appearance of a media under real D50, because they fail to take into account the different levels of FWA activity between the illumination using by the instrument to measure the media, and real D50. To allow for this and actually meet the letter of the ICC specifications, FWA compensation should ideally be used when building a interchangeable ICC profile, by selecting the D50 illuminant, and the 1931_2 observer model (ISO 13655:2009 M1). Note however that this is likely to make profiles less interchangeable rather than more, since few if any other profiles will represent the appearance under real D50, since few if any instruments use a real D50 illuminant that will trigger the correct level of FWA response, and few if any other packages will compensate for the differences in FWA activity between the instrument illuminant used and real D50 (ie. most instruments are actually returning ISO 13655:2009 M0 measurements).
Similarly, the effects of viewing the media in an environment with a UV filter fitted over the D50 illuminant can be simulated by using FWA compensation with the D50M2 illuminant, and the 1931_2 observer, thereby simulating the results one would get if the media had been measured with a "UV cut" type instrument, although such profiles are not technically ICC compatible.

### Measuring the illuminant

For FWA compensation to work well, it is necessary to know what the spectral shape of the illuminant used for viewing is. While many instruments provide an illuminant measurement capability over the visible spectrum, for FWA compensation it is desirable to know the Ultra Violet (UV) component of the illuminant. Few color instruments are capable of reading to such short wavelengths though. Argyll provides an indirect way of estimating the UV component of an illuminant using its illumread utility. Using illumread in combination with FWA compensation is the recommended approach to modelling real world appearance of paper containing FWA.

### FWA myths

Amongst the user (and to some degree) vendor community, there is a widely held belief that the solution to fluorescent whitener affecting color profiles is to simply use a UV filter fitted instrument. Exactly what the origin of the legend is, is hard to tell. Possibly it is a misinterpretation of the ANSI CGATS.5-1993 Annex B recommendations for measuring the impact of fluorescent effects, a translation of some of paper whiteness measurement standards into the color profiling world, or possibly in some common situations, if the viewing environment is very poor in UV, then adding a UV filter to the tungsten instrument illuminant makes for a better instrument/viewing illuminant match. There seems to be no scientific or practical basis for believing that a UV filter fitted instrument magically makes all FWA induced problems go away.

### Instrument UV filters

Note that to be able to measure the FWA in the paper, the instrument has to be able to trigger Fluorescence, which it cannot do if it is fitted with a UV filter, or uses a light source that emits no UV (e.g. a white LED). So UV excluded instruments are not suitable for use with FWA compensation.